“…This is particularly important for angstrom-scale separations. Within this range, a number of critical and rewarding applications exist: pharmaceutical and antibiotics separations (Harrison et al, 2015;, extraction and recovery of highly valuable metals including light lithium (Liu et al, 2019a), heavy metals (Barakat, 2011;Pollmann et al, 2016;Falagán et al, 2017), noble metals and rare earth elements (Hodnik et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2017;Balaram, 2019;Cheisson and Schelter, 2019), oil and gas refinery (Peng et al, 2018), gas separations (Dalane et al, 2017), separation of challenging environmental co-contaminants (Madsen et al, 2015;Miao et al, 2020) (such as 1,4-dioxane and coexisting chlorinated solvents that are similar in size and shapes). All these applications involve filtrate molecules with similar dimensions, polarities or charges from a few hundred to several thousand Dalton.…”