Monitoring Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Changes During a Massive Fish Kill Using Multitemporal Landsat-8 Satellite Images in Maninjau Lake, Indonesia

Abstract

Maninjau Lake is one of Indonesia's lakes for hydroelectric power plants, tourism, and fish farming activities. Some activities around the lake cause pollution, leading to massive fish kill. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor water quality regularly. One of the critical water quality parameters is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). This study aimed to analyze BOD changes using a remote sensing approach during massive fish kills in Maninjau Lake, Indonesia. Multi-temporal Landsat-8 satellite images are processed to estimate the BOD level based on Wang Algorithm. After that, the estimated BOD value is validated using in situ data measurement. The results of the average BOD concentration that occurred in Lake Maninjau was 1.85 mg/L and showed that R2 was 0.8334, and the standard error was 0.076 between the estimated BOD and in situ data. Furthermore, the average concentration of BOD obtained on 23rd August 2017, 13th December 2017, 30th January 2018, 19th March 2018, and 7th July 2018 are 4.96 mg/L, 4.82 mg/L, 5.31 mg/L, 6.94 mg/L, and 6.60 mg/L, respectively. Increased BOD concentration in January 2018 indicates moderate pollution in the waters. BOD concentration increases after the massive fish kill due to the decaying fish across the lake.

Analysis of recommendations for developing sustainable fishing areas based on geographic information systems: the integrated Center of Marine and Fisheries (SKPT) Mimika case study

“…The portion of a fish catch that is not kept aboard during commercial fishing operations is known as a discard and is frequently returned to the sea dead or dying. The phenomenon of deliberate discarding of fish is detrimental because not only is it a wasteful use of resources, but it can also damage ecosystems because discarding is usually done on unqualified fish [20]. This may be because the fish are too young, too small or even because there are too many fish caught at the time.…”

Land Use Change Analysis and Remote Sensing-Based Spatial Evaluation In Kendal District, Indonesia in 2015 and 2020

“…Remote sensing is a scientific and technological discipline that aims to collect information about an object, area, or certain phenomenon by analyzing data obtained from devices without the need to make direct contact with the object [17]. Remote sensing can help in analyzing land use changes [18]. The government can monitor the development of the city and regulate how it should be developed.…”