Monitoring cholinesterases to detect pesticide exposure

Wilson, Barry W.; Arrieta, Daniel; Henderson, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.10.043

Cited by 50 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Reduced ChE activity is still a reliable indicator of OP poisoning and a biomarker of absorption of OP insecticides (3,4,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). In the avian species, ChE activities in the brain and plasma are frequently measured to assess the condition of exposure or poisoning (9, 10, 12-14, 18, 19, 22, 24).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Their main mechanism of toxic action in mammals and birds is to inhibit the target enzyme cholinesterase (ChE), which leads to accumulation of acetylcholine at the nerve terminals and neuromuscular junctions, and to cholinergic overstimulation manifested as muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system effects (3)(4)(5). The most important diagnostic or biomarker endpoint of OP exposure and poisoning is decreased ChE activity in the blood (erythrocytes, plasma or serum) and other tissues, brain in particular (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Birds have no ChE activity in erythrocytes; therefore, the extent of their exposure to and/or OP poisoning is based on ChE activity in plasma and nervous tissue (3,(9)(10)(11).…”

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Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Mohammad

Albadrany

Al-Jobory

2008

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Acute toxic effects of three commonly used insecticidal preparations of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were examined in mixed breed broiler chicks, and cholinesterase activity in plasma and brain were measured. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were 10.79 mg kg -1 , 6.32 mg kg -1 , and 6.30 mg kg -1 , respectively, as determined by the up-and-down method in chicks. Signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks appeared within two hours after dosing, and they included salivation, lacrimation, gasping, frequent defecation, drooping of wings, tremors, convulsions, and recumbency before death. Halving the oral LD 50 of chlorpyrifos (5 mg kg ) caused immobility and wing drooping, but not the clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity. However, at full LD 50 doses of these insecticides, chicks showed clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity similar to those seen in the LD 50 experiments. Two out of six chicks died within two hours after treatment with LD 50 doses of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, whereas LD 50 dosing with diazinon caused death in three out of six chicks. Compared to control values, the insecticides reduced plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities by 29 % to 84 % and 18 % to 77 %, respectively, depending on the dose. The decrease in plasma cholinesterase correlated well (r = 0.82) with that of the brain. These data suggest that organophosphate insecticides administered orally at LD 50 doses induce clinical signs of cholinergic poisoning and concurrently reduce brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in chicks.

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confidence: 99%

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Mohammad

Albadrany

Al-Jobory

2008

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…Many factors such as the type of the OP, dose and formulation, route and duration of exposure, toxicokinetic aspects of the insecticide, type of tissue, and sampling time might contribute to the extent of ChE inhibition by an OP compound (2,4,5,16,20,23). However, the most important factor is ChE inhibition in the nervous tissues (17,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In vivo avian studies usually involve chicks (17)(18)(19). The diagnostic or biomarker endpoint of OP poisoning in the avian species is the reduction of ChE activity in the plasma, serum, or brain (16,(20)(21)(22). The true and pseudo ChEs are present in the plasma of the chicks, whereas true ChE is found in the nervous tissues, but not in red blood cells (16,20,22) opposite to mammals (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The diagnostic or biomarker endpoint of OP poisoning in the avian species is the reduction of ChE activity in the plasma, serum, or brain (16,(20)(21)(22). The true and pseudo ChEs are present in the plasma of the chicks, whereas true ChE is found in the nervous tissues, but not in red blood cells (16,20,22) opposite to mammals (16). Reduction of blood ChE activity by 50 % or more usually confi rms the diagnosis of acute poisoning with OP insecticides (5,16,(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

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Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks

Al-Zubaidy

Mousa

Hasan

et al. 2011

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Formulation components of organophosphate insecticidal preparations might affect their toxic action in animals. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in seven to 14-day-old chicks dosed orally with dichlorvos and diazinon in standard veterinary and agricultural formulations. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) of the formulations were determined using the up-and-down method. Respective LD 50 of dichlorvos of the veterinary and agricultural formulations in chicks were 11.1 mg kg -1 and 6.51 mg kg -1 and those of diazinon 6.4 mg kg -1 and 6.7 mg kg -1 . Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were measured by electrometry after in vivo and in vitro exposure to organophosphates. The chicks showed signs of cholinergic toxicosis within one hour of dosing. Dichlorvos (8 mg kg -1 ) and diazinon (4 mg kg -1 ) in the veterinary and agricultural formulation signifi cantly reduced both plasma and brain cholinesterase activities in the chicks. The veterinary formulation of dichlorvos reduced plasma ChE by 60 % and agricultural by 40 % and brain ChE by 93 % and 87 %, respectively. In contrast, ChE inhibition by diazinon in the agricultural formulation of diazinon was stronger than by the veterinary formulation; 72 % vs. 64 % in plasma and 97 % vs. 80 % in the brain, respectively. The highest in vitro inhibitions were observed with dichlorvos in the agricultural formulation (50 %) in the brain samples and with diazinon in the agricultural formulation (52 %) in the plasma samples. While they exist, differences between formulations cannot be taken as a rule and further investigations should inventory the toxicity of standard veterinary and agricultural organophosphate formulations in addition to the known data for pure forms.

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A review on microfluidics in the detection of food pesticide residues

Jie

et al. 2019

Electrophoresis

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This paper briefly explains the food safety problems related to pesticide residues and introduces microfluidics technology as a pesticide residue detection method. Three mainstream microfluidic detection devices are detailed: one driven by liquid surface tension, one by motor siphon drive, and one by centrifugal force. The advantages and disadvantages of each are considered in an analysis of future trends in microfluidic technology for pesticide detection.

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Monitoring cholinesterases to detect pesticide exposure

Cited by 50 publications

References 8 publications

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks

A review on microfluidics in the detection of food pesticide residues

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