Monitoring cure in epoxies containing carbon nanotubes with an optical‐fiber Fresnel refractometer

Dimopoulos, Athanasios; Buggy, Stephen J.; Skordos, Alexandros A.; James, Stephen W.; Tatam, Ralph P.; Partridge, Ivana K.

doi:10.1002/app.30115

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…8a, and is similar to that reported by Dimopoulos et al [15]. A 1550nm superluminescent diode (Covega, SLD1005) was used at 500mA with a sine-wave modulation of 9kHz and a current amplitude of ±12mA from a function generator (Stanford Research Systems, SRS DS345).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 58%

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An Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensor Using a Palladium-Coated Ball Lens

Chowdhury

Correia

Francis

et al. 2015

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…The measurement principle is that changes in the refractive index of the external medium will induce a change in the Fresnel reflection at the silica / external interface [15]. That interface can be provided by a simple cleaved fibre endface or, as we show here, a ball lens.…”

Section: A Optical Fibre Refractometrymentioning

confidence: 98%

An Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensor Using a Palladium-Coated Ball Lens

Chowdhury

Correia

Francis

et al. 2015

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…To provide an independent measurement of the cure, a fibre optic Fresnel measurement system that had been previously calibrated was used. The Fresnel refractometer provides a localized measurement at the tip of the fibre by measuring the intensity of the light reflected from the fibre end and comparing it with a reference channel 11 . The experimental setup that was used for monitoring cure was one used previously 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chirped long period grating sensor for monitoring flow direction and cure of a resin

et al. 2013

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A continuously chirped long period grating (CCLPG) was used to perform directional flow sensing of a UV-cured epoxy resin and to subsequently monitor the resin cure via the measurement of the change in refractive index. The asymmetric nature of the CCLPG led to a change in the shape of the attenuation bands of the transmission spectrum dependent on the direction of flow of the resin along the fibre. The transmission spectrum of a CCLPG was monitored during the resin cure and exhibited a wavelength shift of 1.1 ± 0.1 nm. The change in the refractive index of the resin during cure was determined in the same experiment using a fibre optic Fresnel based refractometer, and correlated well (correlation coefficient 97 %) with the response of the CCLPG.

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“…More recently, Mahendran et al demonstrated a multifunctional sensor system where a conventional fiber‐coupled FTIR near‐infrared spectrometer was used to monitor four independent parameters simultaneously: strain, temperature, refractive index, and cross‐linking kinetics of an epoxy/amine resin system . Fiber‐optic Fresnel sensors have also been used for cure monitoring of thermoset resins containing fillers and during resin infusion …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐point monitoring of cross‐linking reactions

Machavaram

Wang

Pandita

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The feasibility of deploying optical fiber sensors to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on the cross-linking characteristics of thermosetting resin systems has been demonstrated by a number of researchers. This article is concerned with the demonstration of a low-cost fiber-optic Fresnel sensor system for monitoring the cross-linking reactions at multiple locations. Crosslinking reactions can be influenced by a number of parameters including the stoichiometry of the resin and hardener, and the heattransfer rates in and out of the preform as a function of the cross-section of the preform. In situations where there is a variation in the thickness of the preform or when large components are processed, a facility to monitor the cross-linking reactions at multiple locations will be valuable because the rate and extent of the cross-linking can be inferred. In this article, six Fresnel sensors were immersed in individual vials containing an epoxy/amine resin system and processed (cross-linked) in an air-circulating oven. One additional vial with a Fresnel sensor immersed in the neat epoxy resin (no hardener) was co-located in the oven to enable the effect of temperature to be monitored. The feasibility of using the multiplexed Fresnel sensors for cure monitoring was demonstrated successfully. The sensors in the post-cross-linked samples were used to study the effects of heating and cooling cycles. The feasibility of detecting the glass transition temperature using the Fresnel sensor is discussed along with the factors that give rise to variability in the output Fresnel signals.

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Monitoring cure in epoxies containing carbon nanotubes with an optical‐fiber Fresnel refractometer

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

An Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensor Using a Palladium-Coated Ball Lens

An Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensor Using a Palladium-Coated Ball Lens

A chirped long period grating sensor for monitoring flow direction and cure of a resin

Multi‐point monitoring of cross‐linking reactions

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