Monitoring exposure of nestling songbirds to agricultural application of an organophosphorus insecticide using cholinesterase activity

McInnes, Pamela F.; Andersen, David E.; Hoff, Dale J.; Hooper, Michael J.; Kinkel, Linda L.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620150420

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…They are clinically used, in addition to atropine, as enzyme reactivators for OP intoxications. This property has been tentatively used for diagnosing field exposure to OP pesticides [14,20]. However, this methodology presents a set of limitations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, field studies of ChE activity related to pesticidepolluted environments compare the mean ChE activities among sampling areas or sampling times. Usually, a diagnostic threshold (2 SD below the mean ChE activity) is calculated in a nonexposed group of individuals [6,20]. Individuals having lower ChE activity than the threshold are considered exposed to ChE‐inhibiting pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lizard cholinesterases as biomarkers of pesticide exposure: Enzymological characterization

Sánchez-Hernández

Moreno

2002

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Here we report the results of a study conducted to elucidate the enzymological characteristics of lizard cholinesterases (ChEs) in order to use them as potential biomarkers for pesticide exposure. Serum and brain tissue of the lizard Gallotia galloti were used as ChE sources and in vitro assays were performed to identify acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. The pH, substrate concentration, and specificity for ChE assays as well as the response of serum BChE to the reactivating agent pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) were also investigated in order to assess the possibilities of this methodology in biomonitoring programs. By the use of selective substrates and the inhibitor tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide, AChE and BChE activities were identified in lizard serum, while brain contained solely AChE. Likewise, butyrylthiocholine iodide was the optimum substrate for determining BChE activity and acetylthiocholine iodide for assaying both serum and brain AChE activities. The optimal ranges of pH and substrate concentrations were 7.5 to 8.0 and 5 to 10 mM, respectively. Serum was incubated with different doses of the organophosphorus (OP) compounds dichlorvos and paraoxon and subsequently incubated in the presence of two concentrations of 2-PAM (2 x 10(-2) or 2 x 10(-4) M). Reactivation rate of phosphorylated BChE was related to the degree of inhibition of BChE and the dose of 2-PAM. It was found that a 90-min incubation time with 2 x 10(-4) M of 2-PAM satisfactorily increased the OP-inhibited BChE activity. The enzymological properties of serum BChE activity and its in vitro reactivation in the presence of 2-PAM represent the initial justification for its use in monitoring OP contamination in the field.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lizard cholinesterases as biomarkers of pesticide exposure: Enzymological characterization

Sánchez-Hernández

Moreno

2002

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…There are a large number of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate compounds and most inhibit cholinesterase enzymes (ChE) (Fossi et al, 1994). However, measurement of ChE activity or ChE inhibition in brain tissue or blood plasma of birds can be used as an indicator of exposure to ChE-inhibiting insecticides (McInnes et al, 1996) and therefore we used a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity to know the levels of this enzyme in nestling free-living falcons. Although pseudocholinesterase activities have predictive value, erythrocyte cholinesterase activity is more often used to predict and monitor activity of neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in mammals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although pseudocholinesterase activities have predictive value, erythrocyte cholinesterase activity is more often used to predict and monitor activity of neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in mammals. In birds, the proportion of plasma ChE that is BChE or AChE varies for different species and different species have different agedependent patterns of AChE or BChE ac-tivity (McInnes et al, 1996). However, measurement of ChE activity or ChE inhibition in brain tissue or blood plasma of birds can be used as an indicator of exposure to ChE-inhibiting insecticides (McInnes et al, 1996) and therefore we used a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity to know the levels of this enzyme in nestling free-living falcons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematological, Protein Electrophoresis and Cholinesterase Values of Free-Living Nestling Peregrine Falcons in Spain

Lanzarot

Montesinos

Andrés

et al. 2001

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Protein electrophoresis, hematological and cholinesterase values were determined in 32 nestling free-living peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) (15- to 27-days-old) in order to establish normal reference values for this population. The following values (mean +/- SD) were observed: prealbumin 0.31 +/- 0.04 g/dl, albumin 1.25 +/- 0.06 g/dl, alpha1 and alpha2-globulin 0.23 +/- 0.02 and 0.16 +/- 0.02 g/dl respectively, beta-globulin 1.02 +/- 0.05 g/dl, gamma-globulin 0.060 +/- 0.08 g/dl, total protein 3.79 +/- 0.18 g/dl, 21.26 +/- 1.30 white blood cells/microl (1 x 10(3)), 2.17 +/- 0.07 red blood cells/microl (1 x 10(6)), packed cell volume 37.58 +/- 0.82%, hemoglobin 20.96 +/- 0.29 g/dl, heterophils 61.14 +/- 2.50% and cholinesterase 1,184 +/- 75 IU/L. There were no difference in any of these parameters among males and females. The hematological values obtained could be considered as representative values in free-living nestling peregrine falcons.

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“…, McInnes et al . ). Our results in Gyps fulvus agree with this statement and also with that of Roy et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Characterization of plasma cholinesterase activity in the Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus and its in vitro inhibition by carbamate pesticides

Oropesa

Sánchez

Soler

2017

Ibis

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The legal and illegal use of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides represents one of many threats to birds. The activity of the cholinesterase enzyme in plasma is used as a non‐destructive biomarker to diagnose the exposure of birds to these pesticides. Scavengers are one of the most important bird groups threatened by the use of baits poisoned with anticholinesterase pesticides. Knowledge of the characteristics of this enzyme in each bird species is crucial, as several studies indicate that more than one cholinesterase form may be present in the plasma of birds. In this study, cholinesterase activity was characterized in the plasma of the Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus by using several substrates and inhibitors of the enzyme, and its normal activity value was also determined. The in vitro sensitivity of Gyps fulvus plasma cholinesterase to carbamate insecticides (aldicarb, carbaryl and methomyl) was also investigated. The results indicated that propionylthiocholine iodide was the preferred substrate to determine plasma cholinesterase activity, followed by acetylcholine iodide and S‐butyrylcholine iodide, and acetylcholinesterase was the predominant enzymatic activity in Gyps fulvus plasma. Aldicarb was the most potent in vitro inhibitor of plasma cholinesterase activity in this species. However, cholinesterase enzymatic activity was significantly inhibited by all tested carbamates, providing further evidence that this biomarker is a suitable tool to monitor the exposure to these poisons in the field, highlighting its utility in conservation programmes.

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Monitoring exposure of nestling songbirds to agricultural application of an organophosphorus insecticide using cholinesterase activity

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

Lizard cholinesterases as biomarkers of pesticide exposure: Enzymological characterization

Lizard cholinesterases as biomarkers of pesticide exposure: Enzymological characterization

Hematological, Protein Electrophoresis and Cholinesterase Values of Free-Living Nestling Peregrine Falcons in Spain

Characterization of plasma cholinesterase activity in the Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus and its in vitro inhibition by carbamate pesticides

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