Monitoring for compliance with a ketogenic diet: what is the best time of day to test for urinary ketosis?

Urbain, Paul; Bertz, Hartmut

doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0136-4

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Moreover, participants were instructed to accurately fill out 3-day (two weekdays and one weekend day) dietary recording forms for 4 weeks and reported to the laboratory every week with the dietary recording forms to evaluate diet compliance and get follow-up dietary suggestions. To further ensure their compliance with LC, we also provided the participants with reagent strips (UROPAPER, Suzhou First Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China) to assess urinary ketones by themselves every day in the morning or after dinner [42]. Food records were analyzed for energy intake and macronutrient contents by the same dietician using the nutrition analysis and management software (NRISM, version 3.1, China).…”

Section: Diet Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Kong

Liu

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Low-carbohydrate diets (LCs) seem effective on weight reduction and maintenance. However, the affect and enjoyment of exercise during LCs is not clear. The purpose of the present study was to compare the psychological responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) during the consumption of a 4-week LC diet in overweight young women. With LCs (~10% carbohydrate, 65%-70% fat, 20%-25% protein), forty-three eligible women (age: 20.9 ± 3.1 years; body weight: 65.8 ± 8.2 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: HIIT (10 sets of 6 s all-out cycling interspersed with 9 s of rest), MICT (30 min cycling at 50%-60% of peak oxygen consumption,VO 2peak ) or no-exercise controls (CON). Anthropometric indices andVO 2peak were measured pre-and post-training. Feeling Scale (FS), Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), Exercise Enjoyment Scale (EES), and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) scores were collected before and immediately after each training session throughout the study. After intervention, all three groups reduced by more than 2.5 kg of body weight whereas both exercise groups improved~15%VO 2peak . Participants in the HIIT and MICT group exhibited similar affect points as indicated by FS and FAS. Post-exercise enjoyment scores in PACES were lower in HIIT (73-78 points) than MICT (83-87 points) despite similarly positive responses being observed in EES (corresponding to~4 points of a 7-point scale). Short-term LCs were effective in weight loss and exercise training had an additive improvement on cardiorespiratory fitness. The overweight young women had similar affect valence, arousal levels, and comparable pleasurable feelings to HIIT and MICT with LCs. Furthermore, as indicated by PACES, MICT was more enjoyable which may elicit better adherence, whereas HIIT with LCs seems to be more arduous despite its time-efficiency.

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Section: Diet Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Kong

Liu

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…To ensure compliance with LC, all subjects took urinary ketone assessments daily and kept 3 day food records (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day). Subjects received self-testing reagent strips (UROPAPER, Suzhou First Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China) to measure their urinary ketones daily in the early morning or after dinner [26], and the results were recorded in the offered logbook. In addition, subjects were instructed to keep 3 day food records, 2 weeks before intervention and 4 weeks during intervention.…”

Section: Diet Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females

et al. 2019

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This study aimed to examine the effects of four weeks of a low-carbohydrate diet (LC) and incorporated exercise training on body composition and cardiometabolic health. Fifty-eight overweight/obese Chinese females (age: 21.2 ± 3.3 years, body mass index (BMI): 25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m 2 ) were randomly assigned to the control group (CON, n = 15), the LC control group (LC-CON, n = 15), the LC and high-intensity interval training group (LC-HIIT, n = 15), or the LC and moderate-intensity continuous training group (LC-MICT, n = 13). Subjects consumed a four week LC, whereas LC-HIIT and LC-MICT received extra training 5 d/week (LC-HIIT: 10 × 6 s cycling interspersed with 9 s rest, MICT: 30 min continuous cycling at 50-60% VO 2peak ). After intervention, the three LC groups demonstrated significant reductions in body weight (−2.85 kg in LC-CON, −2.85 kg in LC-HIIT, −2.56 kg in LC-MICT, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.510), BMI (p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.504) and waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.523). Groups with extra training (i.e., LC-HIIT and LC-MICT) improved VO 2peak by 14.8 and 17.3%, respectively. However, fasting glucose and blood lipid levels remained unchanged in all groups. Short-term LC is a useful approach to improve body composition in overweight/obese Chinese females. Incorporated exercise training has no additional effects on weight loss, but has additional benefits on cardiorespiratory fitness, and HIIT is more time efficient than the traditional MICT (2.5 min vs. 30 min).Nutrients 2019, 11, 3051 2 of 15 (LCs). Emerging evidence mainly derived from western countries has clearly shown that LCs could be effective dietary strategies for weight loss and the management of several common and rare pathological conditions [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. A meta-analysis has revealed that LCs had greater long-term effects on weight loss when compared to the traditional low-fat diets; furthermore, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blood pressure values were also more favorably altered in LCs [7]. Additionally, LC-induced weight loss is generally accompanied with several positive metabolic changes, including improvements in blood pressure, glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and certain lipids [8][9][10][11][12], which may have the potential to alleviate the features of metabolic disorder and reduce the risk factors associated with developing CVD and T2D. However, limited studies have tested whether LCs are also useful and feasible for the large Chinese overweight/obese population [11,13] given that people in China and in Western countries have distinct dietary patterns and preferences [14,15], which may lead to different levels of acceptance toward LCs. Furthermore, previous LC trials were invariably administered ad libitum without fixed daily energy intakes, or had an overemphasis on energy restriction [8,[10][11][12]16,17]. Undeniably, this approach is more effective and easier to implement in public practice, where researchers are unable to provide strict c...

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“…The seemingly discrepancy to the finding of unchanged mean energy intake is discussed in more detail in the main study [6]. The main study showed that a non-energy-restricted KD leads to a significant but mild weight loss over the entire 6-week KD period, although mean energy intake did not change [6,36]. Even if the diet was supposedly not energy restricted, no measurements of energy expenditure or strict dietary compliance was documented and a slight reduction in energy intake could be possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

In Vivo Fat Quantification: Monitoring Effects of a 6-Week Non-Energy-Restricted Ketogenic Diet in Healthy Adults Using MRI, ADP and BIA

et al. 2020

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The ketogenic diet (KD) is a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and adequate-protein diet that induces many metabolic adaptations when calorie intake is not limited. Its therapeutic use in a range of diseases including cancer is currently being investigated. Our objective was to firstly assess the impact of a 6-week non-energy-restricted KD on the abdominal fat distribution and the hepatic fat composition in healthy adults. Body fat distribution and composition were measured by comparing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) results with air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements. A total of 12 subjects from the KetoPerformance study were recruited for this ancillary study. Body mass index (BMI), total mass, total fat mass, total subcutaneous mass, and subcutaneous fat mass decreased significantly. None of the MRS parameters showed a significant change during the study. Even though the average change in body weight was >2kg, no significant changes in intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content could be observed. Total fat mass and total fat-free mass derived from MRI has a strong correlation with the corresponding values derived from BIA and ADP data. BMI and the absolute fat parameter of all three modalities decreased, but there were no or only minor changes regarding the fat-free parameter. Magnetic resonance imaging provides body composition information on abdominal fat distribution changes during a ketogenic diet. This information is complementary to anthropomorphic and laboratory measures and is more detailed than the information provided by ADP and BIA measures. It was shown that there was no significant change in internal fat distribution, but there was a decrease in subcutaneous fat.

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Monitoring for compliance with a ketogenic diet: what is the best time of day to test for urinary ketosis?

Cited by 47 publications

References 24 publications

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females

In Vivo Fat Quantification: Monitoring Effects of a 6-Week Non-Energy-Restricted Ketogenic Diet in Healthy Adults Using MRI, ADP and BIA

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