Monitoring human exposure to 2-hydroxyethylating carcinogens.

Farmer, Peter B.; Cordero, Ranniery Acuña; Autrup, Herman

doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s3449

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The higher mean and median adduct levels in women living in rural areas is puzzling and cannot be explained on the basis of proximity to highly trafficked road or point sources of PAH pollution. A higher PAH-albumin adduct level has also been reported in young nonsmoking males living in rural areas than in an urban group (17). A higher ethylene oxide-valine adduct level has also been reported in the rural group compared with the suburban group (18).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Transplacental transfer of environmental genotoxins--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin in nonsmoking women.

Autrup

Vestergaard

1996

Environ Health Perspect

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Transplacental transfer of genotoxic material has been determined by measuring the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin adduct level in serum isolated from the mother and the umbilical cord blood using a competitive enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and the antibody (8E11( against benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) tetrols. Smoking women (median = 5.54 fmol B[a]P eq/micrograms albumin; n = 21 cases) and nonsmoking women living in rural areas (median = 4.99; n = 30) had higher adduct levels than nonsmoking women living in suburbia (median = 4.09; n = 37), whereas nonsmoking women living in the city of Aarhus had an intermediate level (median = 4.82; n = 40). The median adduct level in umbilical cord blood was significantly lower than in maternal blood, the maternal/fetal ratio being approximately 1.3. A positive association between the adduct levels in the mother and umbilical cord blood was observed. This study indicates that the competitive ELISA to detect B[a]P bound to serum albumin is sensitive enough to detect differences in the burden of genotoxic compounds in nonoccupationally exposed individuals. The lower adduct level in people living in suburbia suggests that local production of incomplete combustion products, like vehicle exhaust or heat generation, is a contributing factor to genotoxic compounds in the general environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Transplacental transfer of environmental genotoxins--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin in nonsmoking women.

Autrup

Vestergaard

1996

Environ Health Perspect

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“…This is consistent with previous studies of Hb adducts from acrylamide (n = 11) 36 and ethylene oxide (n = 49; 23). 37,38 Only a limited number (n = 5) of cord/maternal pairs with smoking mothers were analyzed, but for those, the cord/ maternal Hb adduct ratios for all three measured Hb adducts were somewhat lower than the ratios for the nonsmokers (cf. Table 4).…”

Section: ' Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maternal adduct levels were twice as high as those observed in cord blood/blood from newborns. Possible explanations could be an effect of different N-terminal amino acids in fetal versus adult Hb chains 37,38 and/or shorter lifetime of the fetal erythrocytes. 36 The aim of this study was to characterize the Hb adduct levels from acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide from dietary intake, and from ethylene oxide primarily as a control of exposure to tobacco smoke, in motherÀnewborns from Denmark.…”

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Hemoglobin Adducts from Acrylamide, Glycidamide, and Ethylene Oxide in Paired Mother/Cord Blood Samples from Denmark

Stedingk

Vikström

Rydberg

et al. 2011

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The knowledge about fetal exposure to acrylamide/glycidamide from the maternal exposure through food is limited. Acrylamide, glycidamide, and ethylene oxide are electrophiles and form adducts with hemoglobin (Hb), which could be used for in vivo dose measurement. In this study, a method for analysis of Hb adducts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the adduct FIRE procedure, was applied to measurements of adducts from these compounds in maternal blood samples (n = 87) and umbilical cord blood samples (n = 219). The adduct levels from the three compounds, acrylamide, glycidamide, and ethylene oxide, were increased in tobacco smokers. Highly significant correlations were found between cord and maternal blood with regard to measured adduct levels of the three compounds. The mean cord/maternal hemoglobin adduct level ratios were 0.48 (range 0.27-0.86) for acrylamide, 0.38 (range 0.20-0.73) for glycidamide, and 0.43 (range 0.17-1.34) for ethylene oxide. In vitro studies with acrylamide and glycidamide showed a lower (0.38-0.48) rate of adduct formation with Hb in cord blood than with Hb in maternal blood, which is compatible with the structural differences in fetal and adult Hb. Together, these results indicate a similar life span of fetal and maternal erythrocytes. The results showed that the in vivo dose in fetal and maternal blood is about the same and that the placenta gives negligible protection of the fetus to exposure from the investigated compounds. A trend of higher levels of the measured adducts in cord blood with gestational age was observed, which may reflect the gestational age-related change of the cord blood Hb composition toward a higher content of adult Hb. The results suggest that the Hb adduct levels measured in cord blood reflect the exposure to the fetus during the third trimester. The evaluation of the new analytical method showed that it is suitable for monitoring of background exposures of the investigated electrophilic compounds in large population studies.

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“…These RSCs are also more than two orders of magnitude below the EO ambient air concentrations, which are not associated with industrial emission sources (mean of 0.13 ppb based on recent EPA monitoring [ 5 ]). More importantly, these RSCs are more than three orders of magnitude below airborne concentrations equivalent to endogenously produced EO, in the general nonsmoking population (mean concentrations of ~1.9 and 2.9 ppb) based on data evaluated by Kirman and Hays [ 2 ], based on data from published unexposed control subjects [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] and Kirman et al [ 3 ], and based on data from nonsmoking U.S. individuals [ 4 ], respectively. For additional perspective, as described by Bogen et al [ 7 ], these RSCs are up to seven orders of magnitude below the levels of EO to which 1930s–1970s sterilization operators and other highly exposed sterilization workers in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) cohort used by EPA in its risk assessment were exposed (50,000 to >100,000 ppb).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene Oxide Exposure in U.S. Populations Residing Near Sterilization and Other Industrial Facilities: Context Based on Endogenous and Total Equivalent Concentration Exposures

Sheehan

Lewis

Kirman

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Given ubiquitous human exposure to ethylene oxide (EO), regardless of occupation or geography, the current risk-specific concentrations (RSCs: 0.0001–0.01 ppb) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cancer risk assessment for EO are not useful metrics for managing EO exposures to the general U.S. population. The magnitude of the RSCs for EO are so low, relative to typical endogenous equivalent metabolic concentrations (1.1–5.5 ppb) that contribute ~93% of total exposure, that the RSCs provide little utility in identifying excess environmental exposures that might increase cancer risk. EO monitoring data collected in the vicinity of eight EO-emitting facilities and corresponding background locations were used to characterize potential excess exogenous concentrations. Both 50th and 90th percentile exogenous exposure concentrations were combined with the 50th percentile endogenous exposure concentration for the nonsmoking population, and then compared to percentiles of total equivalent concentration for this population. No potential total exposure concentration for these local populations exceeded the normal total equivalent concentration 95th percentile, indicating that excess facility-related exposures are unlikely to require additional management to protect public health.

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Monitoring human exposure to 2-hydroxyethylating carcinogens.

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Transplacental transfer of environmental genotoxins--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin in nonsmoking women.

Transplacental transfer of environmental genotoxins--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin in nonsmoking women.

Analysis of Hemoglobin Adducts from Acrylamide, Glycidamide, and Ethylene Oxide in Paired Mother/Cord Blood Samples from Denmark

Ethylene Oxide Exposure in U.S. Populations Residing Near Sterilization and Other Industrial Facilities: Context Based on Endogenous and Total Equivalent Concentration Exposures

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