Monitoring jet fuel thermal stability using a quartz crystal microbalance

Klavetter, E.A.; Martin, Stephen J.; Wessendorf, Kurt O.

doi:10.1021/ef00041a004

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The experimental apparatus has been described in detail previously, and will only be discussed briefly here (Klavetter et al, 1993;Zabarnick, 1994). The fuel is stressed in a 100 mL Parr bomb reactor which has been modified with an rf feedthrough for the quartz crystal microbalance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the fuel density and viscosity remain constant during our measurements, and the above equation can be used to measure surface deposition. Under conditions where the liquid properties are changing, the amplitude output of the oscillator circuit can be used to determine the motional resistance of the crystal (Klavetter et al, 1993). The motional resistance can then be related to these changes in liquid properties, and thus the changes in liquid properties can be resolved from the surface mass accumulation.…”

Section: Afo -mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies of Jet Fuel Additives using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Pressure Monitoring at 140.degree.C

Zabarnick¹,

Grinstead²

1994

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and pressure monitoring are used for the evaluation of jet fuel additives for the improvement of jet fuel thermal stability. The mechanisms of additive behavior are determined by measuring the time-dependent deposition with the QCM and oxidation by pressure measurements. Studies at various additive concentrations permits the determination of optimum additive concentrations. Additive packages made of mixtures of antioxidants, detergerddispersants, and metal deactivators are shown to yield good improvements in thermal stability over a wide range of jet fuel types.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Afo -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Jet Fuel Additives using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Pressure Monitoring at 140.degree.C

Zabarnick¹,

Grinstead²

1994

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…The QCM technique16–18, 21–29 is based on the piezoelectric properties of quartz. Quartz crystals that are cut appropriately exhibit a converse piezoelectric effect, that is, an applied electric field induces a directional mechanical deformation.…”

Section: The Qcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Errors induced in quartz crystal mass uptake measurements by nongravimetric effects: Considerations beyond the EerNisse caution

Banda

Alcoutlabi

McKenna

2006

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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We report frequency changes in AT‐cut quartz crystals for glassy polymers subsequent to temperature and carbon dioxide pressure changes. Anomalous frequency shifts are observed for the crystal subsequent to such changes. Since, the Sauerbrey equation has been applied routinely for mass uptake measurements in glassy polymers, using the quartz crystal microbalance fitted with AT‐cut quartz crystals, it is important that nongravimetric effects that impact the frequency change be well understood. In the present work, we provide a quantitative analysis of the breakdown of the Sauerbrey equation for viscoelastic materials by using the Johannsmann (Macromol Chem Phys 1999, 200, 501) treatment of the response of AT‐cut crystals. Clearly, there exist significant errors in mass uptake measurements for materials deposited on AT‐cut quartz crystals when precautions pertaining to film thickness and viscoelastic compliance are ignored. We show that while the early caution of EerNisse on stress effects in AT‐cut quartz crystals can be important in mass uptake measurements, for polymers, the major source of error arises from viscoelastic effects in the coating. We conclude that mass uptake measurements for films of compliant materials and polymers above their glass transition cannot be performed with accuracy, using AT‐cut quartz crystals if the results are not corrected for frequency shifts due to viscoelastic effects of the overlayer unless the films are extremely thin, that is, less than 100 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 801–814, 2006

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“…The formation of deposits results in the fouling of fuel lines, valves, actuators, nozzles, and various other aircraft components with the potential to result in catastrophic failure. The recent development of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique provides an extremely sensitive technique for real-time, in situ measurements of jet fuel thermal oxidative deposition (Klavetter et al, 1993;Martin et al, 1991). The technique is sufficiently sensitive that deposition can be readily measured under realistic turbine engine thermal conditions, unlike the accelerated conditions of temperature and/or time under which most previous measurements have been made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to understand the effect these materials have on fuel thermal stability. Previous QCM jet fuel thermal stability work has exclusively studied crystal electrodes with gold surfaces (Klavetter et al, 1993;Zabarnick, 1994;Zabarnick and Grinstead, 1994). For the present work we have acquired quartz crystals with electrodes of the Presented at the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress & Exposition Houston, Texas -June 5-8, 1995 This paper has been accepted for publication in the Transactions of the ASME Discussion of it will be accepted at ASME Headquarters until September 30,1995 following materials: gold, platinum, aluminum, and silver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jet Fuel Deposition and Oxidation: Dilution, Materials, Oxygen, and Temperature Effects

Zabarnick

Zelesnik

Grinstead

1995

Volume 3: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Combustion and Fuels; Oil and Gas Applications; Cycle Innovations

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The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and pressure measurements are used for determination of jet fuel thermal stability in a batch reactor. The QCM is able to monitor extremely small amounts of deposition in situ, while the pressure measurements provide qualitative data on the oxidation process. The dependence of the deposition amount was monitored as a function of the oxygen availability for two fuels. Also, the effect of QCM electrode materials was investigated. Deposition and oxidation were compared for the following electrode materials: gold, aluminum, silver, and platinum. We also studied the effect of dilution on oxidation and deposition. Jet fuel was diluted with increasing amounts of hydrocarbon solvent. It was observed that this dilution procedure can help characterize a fuel’s effective antioxidant concentration. Fuel dilution is also shown to be a good technique for improving thermal stability characteristics of poor fuels. Additionally we have studied the temperature effect on deposition for two fuels over the range 140 to 180 C.

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Monitoring jet fuel thermal stability using a quartz crystal microbalance

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Studies of Jet Fuel Additives using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Pressure Monitoring at 140.degree.C

Studies of Jet Fuel Additives using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Pressure Monitoring at 140.degree.C

Errors induced in quartz crystal mass uptake measurements by nongravimetric effects: Considerations beyond the EerNisse caution

Jet Fuel Deposition and Oxidation: Dilution, Materials, Oxygen, and Temperature Effects

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