“…Ground deformation is one of the most important physical measurement quantities for monitoring and predicting geological disasters. Sensing technology is mainly used to monitor ground deformation, including draw-wire displacement sensor technology [1,2], global positioning system (GPS) technology [3,4], total station observation technique [5], remote sensing technique [6,7,8], synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology [4,9], laser scanning technology [10], optical fiber sensing technology [11,12,13,14,15], and time–domain reflectometry (TDR) technology [16,17].…”