Monitoring of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to chlorantraniliprole in China

Transcriptome Analysis of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance Development in the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella

“…Many P. xylostella GST isozyme genes (such as PxGSTs and PxGSTe ), which are involved in resistance to some organophosphorus insecticides, have been cloned and heterologously expressed [29], [36]. In addition, studies on inhibitors of metabolic enzymes have suggested that enhanced enzymatic detoxification may play a role in the CR of the beet armyworm ( Spodoptera exigua Hübner) and the obliquebanded leafroller ( Choristoneura rosaceana Harris) [37], [38]. Mutating ryanodine receptors is one of the factors leading to the development of CR in P. xylostella [39].…”

Characterisation of field‐evolved resistance to chlorantraniliprole in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, from China

“…One of the operational strategies applied to reduce resistance selection pressure is the rotation of chemicals from different mode‐of‐action classes selecting for different resistance mechanisms . Slight variations in chlorantraniliprole susceptibility (less than tenfold, based on LC 50 ) were observed in recently conducted baseline studies using lepidopteran field populations, suggesting that there is no cross‐resistance to chlorantraniliprole conferred by resistance to currently used insecticides, such as spinosad, abamectin, pyrethroids and imidacloprid. However, there is no report yet available covering chlorantraniliprole‐resistant insect pests and their cross‐resistance to other insecticides addressing ryanodine receptors such as flubendiamide.…”

“…reported that PBO had synergistic effects (synergistic ratios of 9.3 and 8.3 respectively) with chlorantraniliprole against fourth‐instar larvae of two Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations from the North Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. By contrast, synergism tests performed on three Spodoptera exigua strains with moderate resistance to chlorantraniliprole showed that PBO, DEM, DEF and the carboxylesterase inhibitor TPP (triphenyl phosphate) did not significantly enhance the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole, so the authors concluded that detoxification by mixed‐function oxidases, glutathione S ‐transferases, esterases and carboxylesterases might not be the major driver of chlorantraniliprole resistance in S. exigua . Synergistic effects of three metabolic enzyme inhibitors on the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole were limited in the ZC‐R strain of P. xylostella , suggesting either that metabolic detoxification is not the major mechanism of resistance or that the chosen synergists were not specifically addressing those enzymes involved in chlorantraniliprole metabolism.…”

Status of Insecticide Resistance of the Whitebacked Planthopper,Sogatella furcifera(Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

“…Resistance factors (RF) were estimated at the LC 50 level as RF = LC 50 of field populations/LC 50 of Lab-NN population. Insecticide resistance levels were described using RFs (Lai et al 2011) as follows: susceptibility (RF = 1), decreased susceptibility (RF = 3-5), low resistance (RF = 5-10), moderate resistance (RF = 10-40), high resistance (RF = 40-160), and very high resistance (RF > 160).…”