“…Cyanotoxins that are intracellular and extracellular (dissolved) can be removed using various techniques. Numerous techniques have been utilized to remove internal cyanotoxins, including coagulation/sedimentation, coagulation-dissolved air flotation (DAF), micro- and ultrafiltration, and pre-treatment oxidation [ 343 , 344 , 345 , 346 , 347 , 348 , 349 ]. While some techniques for eliminating extracellular (dissolved) cyanotoxins have been mentioned in the literature, these techniques include membranes (nano- and ultrafiltration), potassium permanganate, ozonation, the use of free chlorine, ultraviolet radiation, physical cyanotoxin adsorption using powdered activated carbon (PAC), granular activated carbon (GAC), and activated carbon adsorption [ 350 , 351 , 352 , 353 , 354 ].…”