Monitoring of Domestic and Imported Apples and Rice by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program

Abstract

In 1993-94, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted a statistically based study of pesticide residues in domestic and imported fresh apples and processed rice. For apples, 769 domestic and 1062 imported samples were collected and analyzed; 85% of the domestic and 86% of the imported samples had detectable residues. Benomyl, a widely used fungicide, was found with greatest frequency in domestic apples, while diphenylamine was found most often in imported apples. One domestic and 4 imported samples contained violative residues of pesticides for which there are no U.S. tolerances on apples. The statistically weighted (by domestic packer throughput or import shipment size) violation rates for domestic and imported apples were 0.30% (0.13 unweighted) and 0.41% (0.38 unweighted), respectively. For rice, 598 domestic and 612 imported samples were collected and analyzed; 56% of the domestic and 12% of the imported samples had detectable residues. Malathion had the greatest frequency of occurrence in both groups of rice. Eight domestic and 9 imported samples were violative, all as a result of use of pesticides for which there are no U.S. tolerances on rice. The statistically weighted violation rates for domestic and imported rice were 0.43% (1.3 unweighted) and 1.1% (1.5 unweighted), respectively. Results of the statistically based study show that, as in FDA’s regulatory monitoring, the levels of most pesticide residues found in these 2 commodities are generally well below U.S. tolerances, and few violative residues are found.

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk, fish, water, soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode, Kerala, India

“…Helicopter technique (single application) has the benefit of treating large areas with greater efficiency in a shorter time at relatively low cost. Many methods were published in the literature for the determination of residues of endosulfan and its metabolites in fruits and vegetables, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] meat, 23 dairy and milk pro-ducts, [24][25][26][27] soil, 28,29 water [30][31][32][33][34] and plant and animal tissue. [35][36][37][38][39][40] The environmental fate and behaviour of the compound has been extensively studied.…”

Development of Monoclonal ELISAs for Azinphos-methyl. 2. Assay Optimization and Water Sample Analysis

“…Azinphos-methyl (AM) is a common insecticide used for pest control. Residues of this pesticide have been found in apples, tomatoes, oranges, and even water (Neidert and Saschenbrecker, 1996;Herna ´ndez et al, 1996;Roy et al, 1997). Their analysis is generally performed by liquid-solid extraction followed by gas chromatographic techniques, either using nitrogen phosphorus or mass spectrometric detection.…”

Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Young Shanghai Children

“…26 A study of pesticide residue in domestic processed rice was conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993−1994 and showed that levels of most pesticide residues found in processed rice were generally well below U.S. standards, and few violative residues (1.3%) were found. 27 Second, our subjects were considerably younger than those in other studies. Young children eat more fresh produce and drink more water, milk, or fruit juice than do school-age children or adolescents in proportion to body weight.…”