Monitoring of Natural Occurrence and Severity of Leaf and Glume Blotch Diseases of Winter Wheat and Winter Triticale Incited by Necrotrophic Fungi Parastagonospora spp. and Zymoseptoria tritici

Abstract

The occurrence of necrotrophic winter wheat and triticale pathogens in eight geographical regions of Poland was studied between 2015 and 2020. Over a period of six years, the incidence of the following pathogens was monitored: Parastagonospora nodorum, Parastagonospora avenae and Zymoseptoria tritici. The significant effect of meteorological factors on the incidence of pathogens was determined. The relationship between late-season and early-season factors associated with temperature and precipitation on the severity of diseases incited by the pathogens was statistically significant. Statistical models estimating the natural occurrence and severity of diseases caused by the pathogens were developed with the random forest (RF) algorithm based on 10,412 cases of the diseases. The data were randomly divided into training and test datasets and the accuracy of models was determined by the root mean squared error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The most promising model was developed for Z. tritici with the following test metrics: RMSE = 57.5 and r = 0.862. The model can be used to link disease severity to weather and predict low severity years and high severity years. Over the period of 2015–2020, the most significant winter wheat pathogen showed to be Z. tritici, while on winter triticale P. nodorum incited disease symptoms on the largest number of leaves. The occurrence of P. avenae f. sp. triticea on winter wheat and winter triticale was the least frequent and on average was below the economic threshold.

To Be or Not to Be? Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidants, and Stress Signalling Universal Determinants of Life or Death?

“…Apart from its role in the catabolism of H 2 O 2 and redox homeostasis, POXs play a diverse role in plant growth and development, e.g., they are involved in cell wall cross-linking (lignification, suberisation) and loosening, as well as auxin catabolism. The correlation between the stress memory and activity of POX (as well as SOD and CAT), and higher levels of the antioxidative enzymes, confirm the important role in long time acclimation and defence responses [ 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 90 , 99 , 112 ].…”

“…However, many of the ROS signalling pathways are interlinked and are commonly involved in the transduction and communication of redox signals in developmental processes (cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, senescence, aging, and apoptosis/CD) and physiological responses under a wide range of stress stimuli (including respiration and plant photosynthesis) [ 9 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 88 , 89 ]. ROS produced in different organelles (dependent on internal and external factors) may diffuse into the cytosol and trigger in a concentration-dependent manner common nuclear gene expression responses [ 90 , 91 ]. Particularly, the synthesis, stability, subcellular localisation, and/or activity of many specific transcription factors were shown to be regulated by different ROS and signalling pathways (in both epigenetic and transcriptional ways).…”

A Synoptic Review of Plant Disease Epidemics and Outbreaks Published in 2021

“…The prevalence of necrotrophic foliar fungal pathogens of winter wheat and triticale in field experiments at eight geographical regions of Poland was assessed from 2015-2020 (Bartosiak et al, 2021). The experiments consisted of 10 winter wheat and 10 winter triticale varieties planted in 10 m long rows.…”

TaGRF3-2A Improves Some Agronomically Valuable Traits in Semi-Dwarf Spring Triticale

“…Triticale is an important food crop that combines the genomes of wheat and rye. Due to its high ecological plasticity and adaptability, triticale is successfully grown in poor soils and is resistant to a wide range of fungal diseases [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Triticale is grown as a forage crop for grain and green mass.…”