Monitoring of the novel rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (GI.2) epidemic in European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in southern Spain, 2013–2017

Camacho‐Sillero, Leonor; Caballero‐Gómez, Javier; Gómez‐Guillamón, Félix; Martínez-Padilla, Ana Belén; Agüero, Montserrat; Miguel, Elena San; Zorrilla, Irene; Rayas, E.; Talavera, Ventura; García‐Bocanegra, Ignacio

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.013

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Notably, European cases with histologic lesions had clear periportal hepatocellular necrosis. 6,18 In the WA cases described here, the distribution of necrosis was random and affected hepatocytes in all zones of the lobule. It is unknown whether this represents a difference in viral cellular tropism or disease pathogenesis, a difference in host immune response, or another variable.…”

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confidence: 82%

“…19 RHDV2 affects a broader host range, including hares of the Lepus sp., and can result in high mortality in rabbits of all ages. [6][7][8]18 However, reported mortality rates, clinicopathologic findings, and overall virulence of RHDV2 vary in the literature. 5,13,14 During the initial RHDV2 outbreak in France in 2010, the disease was characterized by pathologic findings similar to those described for RHDV1, including hemorrhages in multiple tissues.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Splenic lesions included hyalinization and fibrin accumulation within the red pulp and lymphoid depletion of the white pulp. 17 Although epidemiologic and geographic data regarding RHDV2 outbreaks in Europe are documented extensively, 2,6,7,15,17,18 published reports of clinicopathologic findings in natural outbreaks of RHDV2 are relatively scarce. One case report outlined the clinical and pathologic findings in 2 pet rabbits naturally infected with RHDV2 in Spain 5 ; both rabbits had a 1-d history of hyporexia or anorexia and lethargy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Clinical and pathologic findings in an outbreak in rabbits of natural infection by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the northwestern United States

et al. 2021

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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) causes an often-fatal disease of rabbits that has resulted in outbreaks in rabbitries in Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia. RHD has historically been characterized as a foreign animal disease in the United States. In July 2019, RHDV2 was detected in rabbits on Orcas Island along the northwestern coast of Washington (WA) State following reports of deaths in multiple feral and domestic rabbits. We document and highlight here the unique clinical presentation and gross and histologic lesions observed in this recent WA outbreak. Affected rabbits died without premonitory signs or displayed hyporexia and/or lethargy for ≤1 d prior to death. The most consistent pathologic finding was random, multifocal hepatocellular necrosis, often with concurrent multifocal-to-diffuse splenic necrosis. The lack of significant clinical signs in conjunction with the random distribution of hepatic necrosis in the WA outbreak contrasts with previous reports of RHDV2 disease progression.

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confidence: 82%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Clinical and pathologic findings in an outbreak in rabbits of natural infection by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the northwestern United States

et al. 2021

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“…In the Irish context, this is currently unknown. However, experiences in France, Italy, Sweden, Spain and elsewhere suggest that cases of RHDV2 in hare species correlate with known outbreaks in local rabbit populations (e.g., [ 2 , 8 , 11 , 83 ]). Molecular genotyping data have suggested an epidemiological association between a local rabbit outbreak in mainland Sweden and an isolated hare island population, though the mechanism of transmission to the island was undetermined (speculated to relate to human, insect, or bird movement [ 2 ]).…”

Section: Ecological Risk To Irish Hares Of the Emergence Of Rhdv2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 (RHDV2; GI.2) in Ireland Focusing on Wild Irish Hares (Lepus timidus hibernicus): An Overview of the First Outbreaks and Contextual Review

Byrne

Marnell²,

Barrett

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2; GI.2) is a pathogenic lagovirus that emerged in 2010, and which now has a global distribution. Outbreaks have been associated with local population declines in several lagomorph species, due to rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)-associated mortality raising concerns for its potential negative impact on threatened or vulnerable wild populations. The Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus) is endemic to Ireland, and is of conservation interest. The first cases of RHDV2 in Ireland were reported in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in 2016, soon followed by the first known case in a wild rabbit also in 2016, from a population reported to be experiencing high fatalities. During summer 2019, outbreaks in wild rabbits were confirmed in several locations throughout Ireland. Six cases of RHDV2 in wild hares were confirmed between July and November 2019, at four locations. Overall, 27 cases in wildlife were confirmed in 2019 on the island of Ireland, with a predominantly southern distribution. Passive surveillance suggests that the Irish hare is susceptible to lethal RHDV2 infection, and that spillover infection to hares is geographically widespread in eastern areas of Ireland at least, but there is a paucity of data on epidemiology and population impacts. A literature review on RHD impact in closely related Lepus species suggests that intraspecific transmission, spillover transmission, and variable mortality occur in hares, but there is variability in reported resistance to severe disease and mortality amongst species. Several key questions on the impact of the pathogen in Irish hares remain. Surveillance activities throughout the island of Ireland will be important in understanding the spread of infection in this novel host.

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“…The appearance of the L. europaeus GI.2 virus caused a great deal of confusion in many countries, making it necessary to monitor the evolution and spread of this pathogen in wild populations. For this reason, Camacho-Sillero et al [34] conducted an analysis to assess the picture of the RHD epidemic caused by GI.2 strains in southern Spain in 2013-2017. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the GI.2 strains predominate in the study area, which in turn confirms the usefulness and efficiency of the real-time PCR method in epidemiological analyses [34].…”

Section: Primermentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time PCR Confirms Infection with Lagovirus europaeus

2021

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Lagovirus europaeus GI.1/GI.2 is an etiological agent causing the highly dangerous rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). Molecular research is the basic tool today that can help solve epidemic problems related to the expansion of pathogens in the world. By using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR), we detected three different strains of Lagovirus europaeus/GI.1, which is an RNA virus infecting mainly rabbits. The results showed that the method used was fast, very specific, and effective.

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Monitoring of the novel rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (GI.2) epidemic in European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in southern Spain, 2013–2017

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Clinical and pathologic findings in an outbreak in rabbits of natural infection by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the northwestern United States

Clinical and pathologic findings in an outbreak in rabbits of natural infection by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the northwestern United States

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 (RHDV2; GI.2) in Ireland Focusing on Wild Irish Hares (Lepus timidus hibernicus): An Overview of the First Outbreaks and Contextual Review

Real-Time PCR Confirms Infection with Lagovirus europaeus

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