Monitoring of the transesterification reaction by continuous off-line density measurements

Talavera-Prieto, Nieves M.C.; Ferreira, Abel G.M.; Moreira, Rui; Portugal, António

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116877

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Biodiesel is the main product of this imperative chemical conversion process. The viscosity of the vegetable oil is reduced and brought into a range comparable to conventional petrodiesel fuel [46][47][48][49][50][51]. The most commonly used plant oils are canola, babassu, palm, crambe, sunflower, jatropha, soyabean, caster bean, and oilseed radish [52].…”

Section: Chemical Conversion Of Biomass Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crude Glycerol as a Potential Feedstock for Future Energy via Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review

2021

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Biodiesel is an emerging substitute for petroleum-based products. It is considered an ecologically safe and sustainable fuel. The high cost of biodiesel production is linearly related to its feedstock. Crude glycerol, which is a by-product of the biodiesel industry, is also a major challenge that must be addressed. A large volume of crude glycerol needs to be disposed of, and this involves processing, dumping, and land requirements. This increases the cost of biodiesel production. One way to decrease the cost of biodiesel production is to utilize its by-product to make valuable products. Crude glycerol can be processed to produce a variety of chemicals and products. The present utilization of crude glycerol is not enough to bring down its surplus availability. Thermochemical conversion processes can utilize crude glycerol as a starting feedstock and convert it into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The utilization of crude glycerol through integrated thermochemical conversion processes could lead to an integrated biorefinery. This review paper highlights the research scope for areas where crude glycerol could be utilized as a feedstock or co-feedstock in thermochemical conversion technology. Various thermochemical conversion processes, namely, gasification, pyrolysis, combustion, catalytic steam reforming, liquefaction, and supercritical water reforming, are discussed and shown to be highly suitable for the use of crude glycerol as an economical feedstock. It is found that the integration of crude glycerol with other thermochemical conversion processes for energy production is a promising option to overcome the challenges related to biodiesel production costs. Hence, this paper provides all the necessary information on the present utilization status of crude glycerol in thermochemical conversion processes, as well as identifying possible research gaps that could be filled by future research studies.

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Section: Chemical Conversion Of Biomass Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crude Glycerol as a Potential Feedstock for Future Energy via Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review

2021

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“…Analytical procedures have been developed for evaluating biodiesel quality based on gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy [4,5]. These methods require samples to be taken and prepared for offline analysis, resulting in non-real-time transesterification monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Measurement of Variables in a Heterogeneous Reaction for Biodiesel Production

González-García,

Díaz-Jiménez,

Padmadas

et al. 2024

MPs

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This research focuses on the development of a state observer for performing indirect measurements of the main variables involved in the soybean oil transesterification reaction with a guishe biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst; the studied reaction takes place in a batch reactor. The mathematical model required for the observer design includes the triglycerides’ conversion rate, and the reaction temperature. Since these variables are represented by nonlinear differential equations, the model is linearized around an operation point; after that, the pole placement and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) methods are considered for calculating the observer gain vector L(x). Then, the estimation of the conversion rate and the reaction temperature provided by the observer are used to indirectly measure other variables such as esters, alcohol, and byproducts. The observer performance is evaluated with three error indexes considering initial condition variations up to 30%. With both methods, a fast convergence (less than 3 h in the worst case) of the observer is remarked.

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“…The feasibility of the results was further verified. In addition, the production process using methyl acetate (MA) and n -butanol ( n -B) to synthesize BA by transesterification reaction , has also attracted wide attention. Wang et al proposed an energy-saving transesterification process combining RDP with pervaporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic, Thermodynamic, and Environmental Analysis and Comparison of the Synthesis Process of Butyl Acetate

Shen

Zhao

Qiu

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The traditional production of butyl acetate (BA) has the problems of low equilibrium conversion rate and high energy consumption of product separation and purification. In this work, the production processes of BA by transesterification and esterification were simulated. Taking the annual total cost as the objective function, the process parameters of the two processes were optimized by the sequential iterative optimization method. The analysis showed that the total annual costs (TACs) of the two processes with an annual output of 3.46 × 104 t of the product are 4.45 × 106 $/year and 1.75 × 106 $/year, respectively. Compared with the esterification process, the transesterification process has a higher economic performance. Under the optimal economic conditions, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) technology is used to optimize the total exergy loss and carbon emission. When the exergy loss rate is the lowest (exergy loss rate = 68.52%), the carbon emission is 1210.8286 kg/h. When the carbon emission is the lowest (carbon emission = 1210.8221 kg/h), the exergy loss rate is 68.53% accordingly. The comprehensive analysis and optimization results provide theoretical guidance for the green and sustainable development of the BA production.

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Monitoring of the transesterification reaction by continuous off-line density measurements

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

Crude Glycerol as a Potential Feedstock for Future Energy via Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review

Crude Glycerol as a Potential Feedstock for Future Energy via Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review

Indirect Measurement of Variables in a Heterogeneous Reaction for Biodiesel Production

Economic, Thermodynamic, and Environmental Analysis and Comparison of the Synthesis Process of Butyl Acetate

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