Monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions using differential absorption lidar (DIAL), differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), and correlation spectroscopy (COSPEC)

Weibring, Petter; Edner, Hans; Svanberg, Sune; Cecchi, Giovanna; Pantani, L.; Ferrara, R.; Caltabiano, Tommaso

doi:10.1007/s003400050525

Cited by 82 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…It has since been used to measure SO 2 emissions of volcanoes worldwide (e.g. Edner et al 1994;Weibring et al 1998;McGonigle et al 2002) and has now superseded COSPEC as the primary volcanic SO 2 flux monitoring technique (Galle et al 2002;Bobrowski et al 2010). Measurement of volcanic plumes was further enhanced by the development of the SO 2 camera (Mori and Burton, 2006;Bluth et al 2007), providing high temporal resolution SO 2 flux measurements and allowing SO 2 heterogeneity within the plume to be quantified (Bluth et al 2007).…”

Section: Volatile Outgassing During and After Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

et al. 2017

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The 2014-2015 Holuhraun eruption was the largest fissure eruption in Iceland in the last 200 years. This flood basalt eruption produced~1.6 km 3 of lava, forming a lava flow field covering an area of~84 km 2 . Over the 6-month course of the eruption,~11 Mt of SO 2 were released from the eruptive vents as well as from the cooling lava flow field. This work examines the post-eruption SO 2 flux emitted by the Holuhraun lava flow field, providing the first study of the extent and relative importance of the outgassing of a lava flow field after emplacement. We use data from a scanning differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument installed at the eruption site to monitor the flux of SO 2 . In this study, we propose a new method to estimate the SO 2 emissions from the lava flow field, based on the characteristic shape of the scanned column density distribution of a homogenous source close to the ground. Post-eruption outgassing of the lava flow field continued for at least 3 months after the end of the eruption, with SO 2 flux between < 1 and 9 kg/s. The lava flow field post-eruption emissions were not a significant contributor to the total SO 2 released during the eruption; however, the lava flow field was still an important polluter and caused high concentrations of SO 2 at ground level after lava effusion ceased.

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Section: Volatile Outgassing During and After Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

et al. 2017

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“…To our knowledge, a single experiment of this kind has been developed and proved successful to estimate volcanic SO 2 release rates down to 10 t.d −1 (Edner et al, 1994;Weibring et al, 1998). Indeed, such an experiment requires a costly, heavy and bulky instrumentation with a high power requirement.…”

Section: Strategy Toward the Assimilation Of Lidar Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variations of flux and altitude of sulfur dioxide emissions during volcanic eruptions: implications for long-range dispersal of volcanic clouds

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Sulfur-rich degassing, which is mostly composed of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), plays a major role in the overall impact of volcanism on the atmosphere and climate. The accurate assessment of this impact is currently hampered by the poor knowledge of volcanic SO 2 emissions. Here, using an inversion procedure, we show how assimilating snapshots of the volcanic SO 2 load derived from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) allows for reconstructing both the flux and altitude of the SO 2 emissions with an hourly resolution. For this purpose, the regional chemistry-transport model CHIMERE is used to describe the dispersion of SO 2 when released in the atmosphere. As proof of concept, we study the 10 April 2011 eruption of the Etna volcano (Italy), which represents one of the few volcanoes instrumented on the ground for the continuous monitoring of SO 2 degassing.We find that the SO 2 flux time-series retrieved from satellite imagery using the inverse scheme is in agreement with ground observations during ash-poor phases of the eruption. However, large discrepancies are observed during the ashrich paroxysmal phase as a result of enhanced plume opacity affecting ground-based ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic retrievals. As a consequence, the SO 2 emission rate derived from the ground is underestimated by almost one order of magnitude.Altitudes of the SO 2 emissions predicted by the inverse scheme are validated against an RGB image of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) capturing the near-source atmospheric pathways followed by Etna plumes, in combination with forward trajectories from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. At a large distance from the source, modelled SO 2 altitudes are compared with independent information on the volcanic cloud height. We find that the altitude predicted by the inverse scheme is in agreement with snapshots of the SO 2 height retrieved from recent algorithms exploiting the high spectral resolution of IASI. The validity of the modelled SO 2 altitude is further confirmed by the detection of a layer of particles at the same altitude by the spaceborne Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). Analysis of CALIOP colour and depolarization ratios suggests that these particles consist of sulfate aerosols formed from precursory volcanic SO 2 .The reconstruction of emission altitude, through inversion procedures which assimilate volcanic SO 2 column amounts, requires specific meteorological conditions, especially sufficient wind shear so that gas parcels emitted at different altitudes follow distinct trajectories. We consequently explore the possibility and limits of assimilating in inverse schemes infrared (IR) imagery of the volcanic SO 2 cloud altitude which will render the inversion procedure independent of the wind shear prerequisite.

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“…Remote sensing techniques (see Platt et al, 2015, for overview of state of the art), notably active remote sensing platforms, including differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and spectrometers (Menzies and Chahine, 1974;Weibring et al, 1998;Koch et al, 2004;Kameyama et al, 2009), acquire columns of range-resolved Aiuppa et al, 2015) or column-averaged (Amediek et al, 2008;Kameyama et al, 2009) CO 2 concentrations. They provide a powerful tool to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of in situ measurement techniques by offering a faster, safer and more comprehensive acquisition (spatial coverage yields inclusive CO 2 concentration profiles).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2-D tomography of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> from scanning hard-target differential absorption lidar: the case of Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy)

2016

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Abstract. Solfatara is part of the active volcanic zone of Campi Flegrei (Italy), a densely populated urban area where ground uplift and increasing ground temperature are observed, connected with rising rates of CO 2 emission. A major pathway of CO 2 release at Campi Flegrei is diffuse soil degassing, and therefore quantifying diffuse CO 2 emission rates is of vital interest. Conventional in situ probing of soil gas emissions with accumulation chambers is accurate over a small footprint but requires significant time and effort to cover large areas. An alternative approach is differential absorption lidar, which allows for a fast and spatially integrated measurement. Here, a portable hard-target differential absorption lidar has been used to acquire horizontal 1-D profiles of column-integrated CO 2 concentration at the Solfatara crater. To capture heterogenic features in the CO 2 distribution, a 2-D tomographic map of the CO 2 distribution has been inverted from the 1-D profiles. The scan was performed one-sided, which is unfavorable for the inverse problem. Nonetheless, the result is in agreement with independent measurements and furthermore confirms an area of anomalous CO 2 degassing along the eastern edge as well as the center of the Solfatara crater. The method may have important implications for measurements of degassing features that can only be accessed from limited angles, such as airborne sensing of volcanic plumes. CO 2 fluxes retrieved from the 2-D map are comparable, but modestly higher than emission rates from previous studies, perhaps reflecting an increase in CO 2 flux or a more integrated measurement or both.

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Monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions using differential absorption lidar (DIAL), differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), and correlation spectroscopy (COSPEC)

Cited by 82 publications

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Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

Temporal variations of flux and altitude of sulfur dioxide emissions during volcanic eruptions: implications for long-range dispersal of volcanic clouds

2-D tomography of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> from scanning hard-target differential absorption lidar: the case of Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy)

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Monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions using differential absorption lidar (DIAL), differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), and correlation spectroscopy (COSPEC)

Cited by 82 publications

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Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

Temporal variations of flux and altitude of sulfur dioxide emissions during volcanic eruptions: implications for long-range dispersal of volcanic clouds

2-D tomography of volcanic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from scanning hard-target differential absorption lidar: the case of Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy)

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2-D tomography of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> from scanning hard-target differential absorption lidar: the case of Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy)