Monitoring polio supplementary immunization activities using an automated short text messaging system in Karachi, Pakistan

Am, Kazi; Murtaza, A.; Khoja, Shariq; Ak, Zaidi; Sa, Ali

doi:10.2471/blt.13.122564

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Significantly lower imms coverage observed in female children attending.Prabhakaran, 2014 [80]India(New Delhi)OutreachMobile health clinicEconomic EvaluationChildren <5 years living in Dakshinpuri extension resettlement colony.1583 children attending the clinic in 1 year.1583 children received 8488 vaccinations through the service at a cost of 66.14 Rupees per vaccine (US$0.10)Imms services provided alongside a range of other health services.Uddin, 2016 [89]Bangladesh(Dhaka)Reminder/ recallSMS (text) message reminders managed using mTika software system.Before and afterBoth children aged 0–11 months in hard-to-reach rural areas and urban street children in slums.2823 urban street children (intervention 518 bf and 520 aft, with 1785 controls)Urban intervention: 40.7% (bf) to 57.1% (aft) compared to controls 44.5% (bf) to 33.9% (aft).Adjusted OR = 3.0 (95% CI 1.4–6.4). Decline in control population imms coverage also noted in rural population (not shown here).Kazi, 2014 [83]Pakistan(Karachi)Reminder/ recallSMS (text) message monitoring of immunisation activities.Cross-sectional20 clusters of 200–250 households in 3 high polio risk areas.28 households with children under 5 in each cluster.Coverage in population who replied to messages was 74.5% (95% CI 71.6–77.4) which was very similar to result found using WHO lot quality assurance sampling.Text messages sent to parents to confirm if immunization staff had visited and vaccinated child. If no answer, follow-up phone calls made.Domek, 2016 [94]Guatemala(Guatemala City)Reminder/ recallSMS (text) message remindersRCT pilotChildren aged 8–14 weeks presenting at a clinic serving a low-income population.321 (160 intervention, 161 control)Higher proportion in intervention group completed series (84.4% vs 80.7%), which was not statistically significant.Three reminders sent to intervention parents.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Immunization, urbanization and slums – a systematic review of factors and interventions

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIn 2014, over half (54%) of the world’s population lived in urban areas and this proportion will increase to 66% by 2050. This urbanizing trend has been accompanied by an increasing number of people living in urban poor communities and slums. Lower immunization coverage is found in poorer urban dwellers in many contexts. This study aims to identify factors associated with immunization coverage in poor urban areas and slums, and to identify interventions to improve coverage.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review, searching Medline, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL, Web of Science and The Cochrane Database with broad search terms for studies published between 2000 and 2016.ResultsOf 4872 unique articles, 327 abstracts were screened, leading to 63 included studies: 44 considering factors and 20 evaluating interventions (one in both categories) in 16 low or middle-income countries. A wide range of socio-economic characteristics were associated with coverage in different contexts. Recent rural-urban migration had a universally negative effect. Parents commonly reported lack of awareness of immunization importance and difficulty accessing services as reasons for under-immunization of their children. Physical distance to clinics and aspects of service quality also impacted uptake. We found evidence of effectiveness for interventions involving multiple components, especially if they have been designed with community involvement. Outreach programmes were effective where physical distance was identified as a barrier. Some evidence was found for the effective use of SMS (text) messaging services, community-based education programmes and financial incentives, which warrant further evaluation. No interventions were identified that provided services to migrants from rural areas.ConclusionDifferent factors affect immunization coverage in different urban poor and slum contexts. Immunization services should be designed in collaboration with slum-dwelling communities, considering the local context. Interventions should be designed and tested to increase immunization in migrants from rural areas.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4473-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Immunization, urbanization and slums – a systematic review of factors and interventions

et al. 2017

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“…A majority of the articles reported the use of mhealth interventions on non-communicable conditions (167 articles, 57.8% followed by conditions categorised under the ‘other conditions’ category (48 articles, 16.6%; table 3). In this time period, the use of mhealth interventions was starting to spread to understudied conditions such as: H1N1 epidemic,37 rabies,38 as well as polio 39…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and current status of mhealth research: a systematic review

2016

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This systematic review provides a chronological overview of how mhealth research has evolved with changes in mobile technologies. The review involved a PubMed search complemented by manual searching of all issues of the Journal of Medical Internet Research and Telemedicine Journal and eHealth, from inception to January 2015. Articles reporting the evaluation of mhealth interventions in any patient group for any health-related outcomes were analysed without restrictions on the study design. A total of 3476 publications were obtained from the PubMed search and manual searching of eHealth journals. Analysis was based on an abstract review of 515 (14.8%) original research articles, which fulfilled preset inclusion criteria. Three distinct time periods were identified on the basis of mobile devices used in mhealth research. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) dominated mhealth research in the years before 2007 (17 of 33 articles, 51.5%). Basic and feature phones were the main methods of mhealth intervention from 2007 to 2012 (95 of 193 articles, 49.2%). After 2012, smart devices (smartphones, tablet PCs and iPod touches) were highly used in mhealth research (173 of 289 articles, 59.9%). Despite a growing focus on infectious diseases and maternal and child health in the most recent years, non-communicable conditions continued to overshadow the trend of mhealth research. Overall, mHealth research has evolved over the past decade in terms of the mobile devices employed, health conditions addressed and its purpose. While chronic medical conditions have clearly been the focus of mhealth research, a shift in trends is expected as the application of mhealth interventions spreads to other under-studied areas. Future research should continue to leverage on the advancements and ubiquitous nature of mobile devices to make healthcare accessible to all.

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“…In addition, there has been a major increase in the use of SMS, with 237.58 billion person-to-person SMS generated in 2011 estimating to around 175 SMS sent per mobile phone on a monthly basis [11]. Given the mobile phone access and acceptability in the Pakistan, there is great potential for SMS interventions to improve Immunization coverage.…”

Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been a rapid increase in mobile phone use with around 7 billion mobile phone subscribers globally and 89% of whom live in developing countries [10,11]. Due to the portability of mobile phones, more people can be reached by phone than through the Internet.…”

Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mobile Phone Text Message Reminders on Routine Immunization Uptake in Pakistan: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

Kazi¹,

Ali²,

Zubair³

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Monitoring polio supplementary immunization activities using an automated short text messaging system in Karachi, Pakistan

Cited by 47 publications

References 9 publications

Immunization, urbanization and slums – a systematic review of factors and interventions

Immunization, urbanization and slums – a systematic review of factors and interventions

Evolution and current status of mhealth research: a systematic review

Effect of Mobile Phone Text Message Reminders on Routine Immunization Uptake in Pakistan: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

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