Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings

Johnston, Lloyd D.; O’Malley, Patrick M.; Bachman, Jerald G.

doi:10.1176/foc.1.2.213

Cited by 2,250 publications

(2,087 citation statements)

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“…Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug among teenagers: almost half of 12th graders have used cannabinoids, 20% report past-month use, and 5% disclose daily use (Johnston et al, 2006). During this period of increasing marijuana use, continued neuromaturation includes synaptic refinement, myelination, and improved cognitive and functional efficiency (Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997;Giedd et al, 1999;Casey et al, 2000;Paus et al, 2001;Gogtay et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory

Schweinsburg¹,

Nagel²,

Schweinsburg³

et al. 2008

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

172

168

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Marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance among teenagers, yet little is known about the possible neural influence of heavy marijuana use during adolescence. We previously demonstrated an altered functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity related to spatial working memory (SWM) among adolescents who were heavy users of after an average of 8 days of abstinence, but the persisting neural effects remain unclear. To characterize the potentially persisting neurocognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in adolescence, we examined fMRI response during SWM among abstinent marijuana-using teens. Participants were 15 MJ teens and 17 demographically similar nonusing controls, ages 16-18. Teens underwent biweekly urine toxicology screens to ensure abstinence for 28 days before fMRI acquisition. Groups performed similarly on the SWM task, but MJ teens demonstrated lower activity in right dorsolateral prefrontal and occipital cortices, yet significantly more activation in right posterior parietal cortex. MJ teens showed abnormalities in brain response during a SWM task compared with controls, even after 1 month of abstinence. The activation pattern among MJ teens may reflect different patterns of utilization of spatial rehearsal and attention strategies, and could indicate altered neurodevelopment or persisting abnormalities associated with heavy marijuana use in adolescence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory

Schweinsburg¹,

Nagel²,

Schweinsburg³

et al. 2008

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

172

168

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Furthermore, the estimated number of new initiates in 2004 to non-medical use of pain relievers (2.4 million) even exceeded that of illicit drugs such as marijuana (2.1 million) and cocaine (1.0 million) (SAMHSA, 2005a). The Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of high school students recently showed high rates of non-medical use of prescription medications, especially opioid painkillers, despite an otherwise general decline in the abuse of illicit drugs among this population (Johnston et al, 2006). Additional evidence supporting a growth in prescription opioid abuse comes from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), which showed a substantial increase in the proportion of new users of prescription opioids from 26% in 199726% in to 39% in 200226% in (SAMHSA, 2005b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abuse Liability of Prescription Opioids Compared to Heroin in Morphine-Maintained Heroin Abusers

Comer

Sullivan

Whittington

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

132

101

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Abuse of prescription opioid medications has increased dramatically in the United States during the past decade, as indicated by a variety of epidemiological sources. However, few studies have systematically examined the relative reinforcing effects of commonly abused opioid medications. The current double-blind, placebo-controlled in-patient study was designed to compare the effects of intravenously delivered fentanyl (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.187, and 0.250 mg/70 kg), oxycodone (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/70 kg), morphine (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/70 kg), buprenorphine (0, 0.125, 0.5, 2, and 8 mg/70 kg), and heroin (0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/70 kg) in morphinemaintained heroin abusers (N ¼ 8 completers maintained on 120 mg per day oral morphine in divided doses (30 mg q.i.d.)). All of the participants received all of the drugs tested; drugs and doses were administered in non-systematic order. All of the drugs produced statistically significant, dose-related increases in positive subjective ratings, such as 'I feel a good drug effect' and 'I like the drug.' In general, the order of potency in producing these effects, from most to least potent, was fentanyl4buprenorphineXheroin 4morphine ¼ oxycodone. In contrast, buprenorphine was the only drug that produced statistically significant increases in ratings of 'I feel a bad drug effect' and it was the only drug that was not self-administered above placebo levels at any dose tested. These data suggest that the abuse liability of buprenorphine in heroin-dependent individuals may be low, despite the fact that it produces increases in positive subjective ratings. The abuse liabilities of fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone, and heroin, however, appear to be similar under these experimental conditions.

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“…Brain regions undergoing particularly marked changes in human adolescents and their counterparts in other species include the prefrontal cortex [16,37,49] and limbic and mesolimbic brain systems [15,18], regions that form important substrates for modulating responsiveness to alcohol and other drugs of abuse. The risk of extensive alcohol use is increased during adolescence, with 12% of 8 th graders, 22% of 10 th graders, and one fourth of 12 th graders (25%) reporting binge drinking (i.e., five or more drinks per occasion) during the past 2 weeks [17]. Elevated levels of ethanol intake are not restricted to human adolescents but can also be observed in adolescents of other species, with intake of ethanol being at least 2 times higher in adolescent rats than in their more mature counterparts under a number of test circumstances [3,7,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic tolerance to the social consequences of ethanol in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats

Varlinskaya

Spear

2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings

Cited by 2,250 publications

References 1 publication

Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory

Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory

Abuse Liability of Prescription Opioids Compared to Heroin in Morphine-Maintained Heroin Abusers

Chronic tolerance to the social consequences of ethanol in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats

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