Monitoring the occurrence of tomato bacterial spot and range of the causal agent <i>Xanthomonas perforans</i> in Iran

Osdaghi, Ebrahim; Taghavi, Seyed Mohsen; Hamzehzarghani, Habiballah; Fazliarab, Amal; Lamichhane, Jay Ram

doi:10.1111/ppa.12642

Cited by 47 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Bell pepper, eggplant, chilli pepper and tomato plants with suspected symptoms of bacterial diseases – including leaf spots, cankers and wilting – were sampled and brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Isolations were performed using the methods described previously (Osdaghi et al ., ). In brief, all the plant tissues were thoroughly washed using sterile water, ground in sterile distilled water (SDW), and a loopful of the resulting suspension was streaked onto YPGA medium, containing yeast extract (7 g L −1 ) peptone (7 g L −1 ) glucose (7 g L −1 ) and agar (18 g L −1 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In total, 22, 25 and 234 eggplant, pepper and tomato fields, respectively, were surveyed for the presence of bacterial diseases. Details about the surveyed areas and number of fields were described previously (Osdaghi et al, 2017). Bell pepper, eggplant, chilli pepper and tomato plants with suspected symptoms of bacterial diseasesincluding leaf spots, cankers and wiltingwere sampled and brought to the laboratory for further analysis.…”

Section: Surveys Sampling and Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was the case when nonspecific Xanthomonas ‐ITS primers (X‐ITS‐F3j/X‐ITS‐F3k/X‐ITS‐F3c/X‐ITS‐F3d/X‐ITS‐R2; Adriko et al ., ) were used for the detection of bacterial spot pathogens ( X. euvesicatoria , X. gardneri , X. perforans and X. vesicatoria ) on tomato leaves; surprisingly, X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli and X. campestris were detected on tomato plants using these primers (Osdaghi et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epiphytic Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens strains isolated from symptomless solanaceous vegetables are pathogenic on leguminous but not on solanaceous plants

et al. 2017

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In Iran, during 2013–16, 16 Gram‐positive corynebacteria‐like strains were recovered from the epiphytic parts of solanaceous vegetables including eggplant, pepper and tomato. The strains were recovered accidentally as a result of monitoring for other bacterial pathogens in solanaceous fields. The strains were phenotypically different from Clavibacter michiganensis strains. Although none of the strains were pathogenic on their host of isolation or on any other solanaceous plants, 12 out of 16 strains were pathogenic on common bean, cowpea, mung bean and soybean. Colonization by strains was observed on maize, zucchini, faba bean, honeydew melon, rapeseed, sugar beet and sunflower plants under greenhouse conditions. In PCR tests, the primer pair CffFOR2/CffREV4, specific for Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, enabled the amplification of the appropriately sized fragment in 12 out of 16 strains, and all 12 strains were pathogenic on dry beans. Phylogenetic analysis, using the gyrB and recA genes, showed all 16 bacterial strains clustered within several pathovars of C. flaccumfaciens. A nonpathogenic yellow‐pigmented strain (Xeu15) was clustered with the type strains of C. flaccumfaciens pv. betae and C. flaccumfaciens pv. oortii. Bacteriocin profiling assays revealed no significant differences among the pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Host range and population dynamics of four representative strains on 17 plant species showed population build‐up of the strains only on common bean, cowpea, wheat and red nightshade plants. The results provide important insights into the possible role of nonhost plants as reservoirs of plant pathogenic bacteria, which has important implications in plant disease epidemiology and management.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surveys Sampling and Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epiphytic Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens strains isolated from symptomless solanaceous vegetables are pathogenic on leguminous but not on solanaceous plants

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“…MLSA and MLVA are commonly used tools to characterize bacterial spot of tomato (BST) outbreaks and epidemics caused by X. perforans worldwide (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). MLSA-based analysis of X. perforans revealed two subgroups in a global collection of strains (28).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology ofXanthomonas perforansOutbreaks in Tomato Plants from Transplant to Field as Determined by Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis

Abrahamian

Timilsina

Minsavage

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Outbreaks of bacterial spot on tomato (BST) caused by Xanthomonas perforans are a major concern for sustainable crop production. BST is a common occurrence in tomato transplants grown for field production. We hypothesized that BST outbreaks in commercial fields originate from X. perforans strains inadvertently introduced from commercial transplant facilities. To test this hypothesis, we used a genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis to characterize X. perforans strains recovered from tomato transplant facilities and fields in commercial production areas. X. perforans strains were isolated from symptomatic transplants prior to roguing at two commercial transplant growers. Then, the same groups of transplants were tracked to commercial fields to recover X. perforans strains from diseased plants prior to harvest. Whole-genome sequencing was carried out on 84 strains isolated from transplant and field plants from Florida and South Carolina. SNPs were called using three reference strains that represented the genetic variation of the sampled strains. Field strains showing genetic similarity to transplant strains had a difference of 2 to 210 SNPs. Transplant and field strains clustered together by grower within each phylogenomic group, consistent with expectations. The range of genetic divergence among strains isolated from field plants was similar to the range obtained from strains on transplants. Using the range of genetic variation observed in transplants, we estimate that 60% to 100% of field strains were an extension of the transplant strain population. Our results stress the importance of BST management to reduce X. perforans movement from transplant to field and to minimize subsequent disease outbreaks. IMPORTANCE Current management of Xanthomonas perforans on tomato plants mainly relies on the frequent application of pesticides. However, the lack of effective pesticides and the development of strain tolerance to certain bactericides limit the ability to control outbreaks in production fields. Better knowledge of probable sources of X. perforans inoculum during tomato production is required to refine management strategies. Tomato plants are typically established in the field using transplants. This study aimed to determine if strains from field epidemics were coming from transplant facilities or resulted from local field outbreaks. The overall goal was to identify potential sources of inoculum and subsequently develop strategies to reduce carryover from transplant production to the field. Our results indicate that tomato producers should shift disease management efforts to transplant facilities to reduce disease in the field. Improved transplant health should reduce the likelihood of bacterial spot outbreaks and subsequently reduce pesticide usage in the field.

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“…Two groups of bacteria ( Xanthomonas sp. and C. flaccumfaciens ) were previously characterized and published elsewhere (Osdaghi et al ., , ,). The third group, which consisted of Gram‐positive Clavibacter ‐like isolates, were subjected to biochemical and phenotypic tests including oxidase and catalase activity, aerobic/anaerobic growth (O/F), growth on 0.1% triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), as well as the hydrolysis of aesculin and Tween 80 (Schaad et al ., ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and phylogenetic analysis of Clavibacter michiganensis strains associated with tomato plants in Iran

et al. 2017

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During 2013–2016, 277 tomato fields were surveyed across Iran to monitor the status of bacterial canker of tomato, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Altogether, 450 plant samples were collected, both with and without symptoms, from which 35 bacterial strains were recovered. These were positive for the PCR test performed using the Clavibacter‐specific primer pair CMR16F1/CMR16R1. Based on the phylogeny of the gyrB gene sequences, 31, three and one of the 35 strains were identified as C. michiganensis, Microbacterium sp. and Agrococcus sp., respectively. The 31 strains of C. michiganensis were further identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (23 strains), C. michiganensis subsp. tessellarius (six strains) and Clavibacter spp. (two strains). This was subsequently confirmed by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of five housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, ppk, recA and rpoB). In pathogenicity tests, all 23 strains induced wilting symptoms on tomato plants in greenhouse conditions, while no symptoms were observed on eggplant, bell pepper and chili pepper plants. All evaluated pathogenicity determinant genes (celA, pat‐1, tomA, ppaA, chpC and chpG) were detected in 18 out of 31 C. michiganensis strains, using eight specific primer pairs. Estimation of the number of nucleotide differences, sequence similarity matrix and MLSA clustered two peach‐coloured strains (Tom495 and Tom532) separately from all nine previously described subspecies, thereby suggesting these two strains are a new subspecies of C. michiganensis. However, a detailed taxonomic study using multiphased molecular approaches is needed to delineate a formal taxonomic name for these atypical strains.

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Monitoring the occurrence of tomato bacterial spot and range of the causal agent Xanthomonas perforans in Iran

Cited by 47 publications

References 33 publications

Epiphytic Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens strains isolated from symptomless solanaceous vegetables are pathogenic on leguminous but not on solanaceous plants

Epiphytic Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens strains isolated from symptomless solanaceous vegetables are pathogenic on leguminous but not on solanaceous plants

Molecular Epidemiology ofXanthomonas perforansOutbreaks in Tomato Plants from Transplant to Field as Determined by Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis

Pathogenicity and phylogenetic analysis of Clavibacter michiganensis strains associated with tomato plants in Iran

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