Monitoring the Opening of Rapid Palatal Expansion (RPE) in a 3D-Printed Skull Model Using Fiber Optic F–P Sensors

Abstract

We present a novel method for the online measurement of multi-point opening distances of midpalatal sutures during a rapid palatal expansion (RPE) using fiber optic Fabry–Perot (F–P) sensors. The sensor consists of an optical fiber with a cut flat end face and an optical reflector, which are implanted into the palatal base structure of an expander and is capable of measuring the precise distance between two optical reflective surfaces. As a demonstration, a 3D-printed skull model containing the maxilla and zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) was produced and a miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE) with two guide rods was used to generate the midpalatal suture expansion. The reflected spectrums of the sensors were used to dynamically extract cavity length information for full process monitoring of expansion. The dynamic opening of the midpalatal suture during the gradual activation of the expander was measured, and a displacement resolution of 2.5 μm was demonstrated. The angle of expansion was derived and the results suggested that the midpalatal suture was opened with a slight V-type expansion of 0.03 rad at the first loading and subsequently expanded in parallel. This finding might be useful for understanding the mechanical mechanisms that lead to different types of expansion. The use of a fiber optic sensor for mounting the rapid palatal expander facilitates biomechanical studies and experimental and clinical evaluation of the effects of RPE.

Displacement Measurement Method Based on Double-Arrowhead Auxetic Tubular Structure

“…These sensors function as instruments utilized to measure the displacement or position of an object in relation to a reference point. These sensors operate based on various principles, encompassing resistive sensors [1][2][3], capacitive sensors [3], eddy current sensors [4][5][6], and optical fiber sensors [7][8][9][10]. Each sensor type possesses unique advantages and limitations, necessitating the consideration of factors such as desired accuracy, range, environmental conditions, and application-specific requirements when selecting an appropriate sensor.…”