Monitoring the resin infusion manufacturing process under industrial environment using distributed sensors

Wang, Peng; Molimard, Jérôme; Drapier, Sylvain; Vautrin, Alain; Minni, Jean-Christophe

doi:10.1177/0021998311410479

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Detects resin arrival through temperature measurement [27] when resin and mould are at different temperatures. Performance/sensitivity depends on this temperature difference.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resin Directional Flow and Degree of Cure Sensing Using Chirped Optical Fiber Long Period Gratings

et al. 2017

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The use of chirped long period gratings (CLPGs) for monitoring the flow, the direction of the flow and the subsequent cure of an epoxy resin is presented. The asymmetric properties of the CLPG and its sensitivity to refractive index changes were exploited to facilitate the measurement of the direction of the flow. The performances of a continuously chirped LPG (CCLPG) and a step chirped LPG (SCLPG) were compared, with the CCLPG showing improved spatial resolution. The CCLPG and SCLPG were also used to monitor changes in the refractive index of the resin during cure, with the results showing close agreement with measurements undertaken simultaneously using a fibre optic Fresnel refractometer.

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“…Detects resin arrival through temperature measurement [27] when resin and mould are at different temperatures. Performance/sensitivity depends on this temperature difference.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resin Directional Flow and Degree of Cure Sensing Using Chirped Optical Fiber Long Period Gratings

et al. 2017

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“…Wang et al [42] employed a Fresnel OFR to monitor the production of carbon/epoxy composites by Liquid Resin Infusion. An instant drop of the output signal indicated resin arrival while the curing stage was characterized by a gradual drop followed by a gradual increase.…”

Section: Sensors Detecting Optical Properties 231 Optical Fiber Rementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Better results were obtained with halogen lamb excitation and frequencies below 100 Hz, while signal conditioning improved detection further. Wang et al [42] distributed micro-thermocouples in the interior of carbon preforms in order to monitor Konstantopoulos et al -eXPRESS Polymer Letters Vol.8, No.11 (2014) [823][824][825][826][827][828][829][830][831][832][833][834][835][836][837][838][839][840] through thickness and in-plane flow movement of epoxy resin during the LRI process. An increase in temperature upon the pre-heated resin arrival in every point allowed the thermocouples to characterize the filling behavior for experiments with different heating systems.…”

Section: Sensors Detecting Thermodynamic Properties 241 Thermometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the production of FRP composites: A review of in-line sensing methods

Konstantopoulos¹,

Fauster²,

Schledjewski³

2014

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract.Composites manufacturing is characterized by many degrees of freedom. Different materials, geometries and thermo-dynamical conditions contribute to a behavior that is difficult to predict. Monitoring the running process (in-line monitoring) eliminates the need for prediction; real time data provided by appropriate sensing systems can be used in the direction of process optimization, quality upgrade or material characterization. The aim of the review at hand is to record and discuss the latest progress in the field of in-line composites monitoring with a focus on Fiber Reinforced Polymericbased (FRP) composite structures. Summaries of each sensor's principles of operation, appropriate association with polymer/composite properties detection, brief descriptions of representative studies, a critical overview of implementation aspects and discussion on the upcoming trends, contribute in constructing a complete picture.

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“…More recently, Mahendran et al demonstrated a multifunctional sensor system where a conventional fiber‐coupled FTIR near‐infrared spectrometer was used to monitor four independent parameters simultaneously: strain, temperature, refractive index, and cross‐linking kinetics of an epoxy/amine resin system . Fiber‐optic Fresnel sensors have also been used for cure monitoring of thermoset resins containing fillers and during resin infusion …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐point monitoring of cross‐linking reactions

Machavaram

Wang

Pandita

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The feasibility of deploying optical fiber sensors to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on the cross-linking characteristics of thermosetting resin systems has been demonstrated by a number of researchers. This article is concerned with the demonstration of a low-cost fiber-optic Fresnel sensor system for monitoring the cross-linking reactions at multiple locations. Crosslinking reactions can be influenced by a number of parameters including the stoichiometry of the resin and hardener, and the heattransfer rates in and out of the preform as a function of the cross-section of the preform. In situations where there is a variation in the thickness of the preform or when large components are processed, a facility to monitor the cross-linking reactions at multiple locations will be valuable because the rate and extent of the cross-linking can be inferred. In this article, six Fresnel sensors were immersed in individual vials containing an epoxy/amine resin system and processed (cross-linked) in an air-circulating oven. One additional vial with a Fresnel sensor immersed in the neat epoxy resin (no hardener) was co-located in the oven to enable the effect of temperature to be monitored. The feasibility of using the multiplexed Fresnel sensors for cure monitoring was demonstrated successfully. The sensors in the post-cross-linked samples were used to study the effects of heating and cooling cycles. The feasibility of detecting the glass transition temperature using the Fresnel sensor is discussed along with the factors that give rise to variability in the output Fresnel signals.

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Monitoring the resin infusion manufacturing process under industrial environment using distributed sensors

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Resin Directional Flow and Degree of Cure Sensing Using Chirped Optical Fiber Long Period Gratings

Resin Directional Flow and Degree of Cure Sensing Using Chirped Optical Fiber Long Period Gratings

Monitoring the production of FRP composites: A review of in-line sensing methods

Multi‐point monitoring of cross‐linking reactions

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