BackgroundThe physical and mental demands of handball during training or competition often lead to fatigue which can impair performance. Many attempts have been made to assess the level of fatigue in athletes either by objective (neuromuscular performance) or subjective (questionnaires) measures, however, their interplay over short-, mid-, and long-term periods is currently unknown. Knowledge about both types of assessments is important as load management by coaches is traditionally based on direct adjustments following a training session, adjustments of content structure of training weeks between games, as well as adjustments of load management over the entire competitive season. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the interplay between objective and subjective fatigue measures at multiple test times throughout a handball season.MethodsA total of 100 highly trained (Tier level 3) adolescent or young adult team handball players (23 females) took part in the study. The parameters tested were the Leg Recovery Test (LRT score) which is based on the countermovement jump height (CMJ) and was assessed by a commercial wristwatch (Polar Vantage V2) as an objective measure of neuromuscular fatigue. Additionally, on a subjective level, questionnaire-based athlete self-report measures, specifically the Perceived Recovery Status Scale (PRSS) and the Short Scale of Recovery and Strain (KEB) were assessed. We used non-parametric tests to detect differences between relevant test time points (short-term: immediately following one handball-specific training session, i.e., from T0 to T1; mid-term: over the course of three consecutive training days, i.e., from T0 to T2; long-term: over the course of 8 months of training, i.e., from T0 to T12) and linear mixed models to evaluate the interplay between objective (LRT score) and subjective (KEB score and PRSS score) measures of fatigue across one season.ResultsNon-parametric tests showed that CMJ height (p = .012) and the KEB (p < .001) were higher at T1 compared to T0 for the short-term assessment. Over the course of three consecutive training days (i.e., mid-term assessment), the CMJ height score decreased (T0 to T2: p < .001; T1 to T2: p = .018) and the PRSS score (T0 to T2: p < .001; T1 to T2: p = .003) increased. Linear mixed models revealed no significant effects of KEB or PRSS score on LRT score (i.e., CMJ height) for the short- and mid-term assessments. In terms of the long-term assessments, we detected no general direct or interaction effects of PRSS score, workload, and test time point on LRT score, except for an interaction between PRSS score and workload on LRT score (p = .032), which indicates a workload-dependent association between PRSS and the objective fatigue measure (LRT score).ConclusionAthlete self-reported measures of fatigue indicated significantly higher cumulative fatigue after both short- and mid-term periods, whereas this increase was observed in the LRT score only during the mid-term period. Furthermore, the absence of a relationship between the objective and subjective measures of fatigue during short- and mid-term periods suggests that these measures assess distinct types of fatigue. In the long-term assessments, the significant interaction between the PRSS score and workload on the LRT score suggests that higher workloads are associated with an increased correlation between subjective (PRSS score) and objective (LRT score) measures of fatigue. This indicates that perceived fatigue may be a more sensitive indicator of fatigue, which can be managed to maintain high levels of neuromuscular performance (LRT score). However, with higher workloads (>10 h per week), associations between the objective and subjective measures become apparent, suggesting that workload serves as a common factor influencing overall fatigue.
