Monkeypox 2022 Identify-Isolate-Inform: A 3I Tool for frontline clinicians for a zoonosis with escalating human community transmission

Koenig, Kristi L.; Beÿ, Christian K.; Marty, Aileen M.

doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100410

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Monkeypox can resemble various dermatological conditions and sexually transmitted infections (STIs; Figure 3). 14 Distinguishing between monkeypox and other more common diseases in the prehospital setting can be challenging. Detecting alternate infections, especially other STIs, does not exclude the possibility of monkeypox.…”

Section: Historical Monkeypox Clinical Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox 2022: A Primer and Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool for Emergency Medical Services Professionals

Koenig

Beÿ²,

Marty

2022

Prehosp. Disaster med.

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Monkeypox 2022 exhibits unprecedented human-to-human transmission and presents with different clinical features than those observed in prior outbreaks. Previously endemic only to West and Central Africa, the monkeypox virus spread rapidly world-wide following confirmation of a case in the United Kingdom on May 7, 2022 of an individual that had traveled to Nigeria. Detection of cases with no travel history confirms on-going community spread. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals will likely encounter patients suspected or confirmed to have monkeypox, previously a rare disease and therefore unfamiliar to most clinicians. Consequently, it is critical for EMS medical directors to immediately implement policies and procedures for EMS teams – including emergency medical dispatchers – to identify potential monkeypox cases. These must include direction on actions EMS professionals should take to protect themselves and others from virus transmission. Monkeypox 2022 may manifest more subtly than it has historically. Presentations include a subclinical prodrome and less dramatic skin lesions – potentially limited to genital or anal body regions – which can be easily confused with dermatologic manifestations of common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). While most readily spread by close contact with infectious skin lesions on a patient, it is also transmissible from fomites, such as bed sheets. Additionally, droplet transmission can occur, and the virus can be spread by aerosolization under certain conditions. The long incubation period could have profound negative consequences on EMS staffing if clinicians are exposed to monkeypox. This report summarizes crucial information needed for EMS professionals to understand and manage the monkeypox 2022 outbreak. It presents an innovative Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool for use by EMS policymakers, educators, and clinicians on the frontlines who may encounter monkeypox patients. Patients are identified as potentially exposed or infected after an initial assessment of risk factors with associated signs and symptoms. Prehospital workers must immediately don personal protective equipment (PPE) and isolate infectious patients. Also, EMS professionals must report exposures to their agency infection control officer and alert health authorities for non-transported patients. Prehospital professionals play a crucial role in emerging and re-emerging infectious disease mitigation. The monkeypox 2022 3I Tool includes knowledge essential for all clinicians, plus specific information to guide critical actions in the prehospital environment.

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Section: Historical Monkeypox Clinical Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More comprehensive data on the history, background, presentation, and management of monkeypox 2022 and the 3I concept are available. 14…”

Section: Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox 2022: A Primer and Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool for Emergency Medical Services Professionals

Koenig

Beÿ²,

Marty

2022

Prehosp. Disaster med.

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“…The incubation period is approximately 5-21 days before symptoms, but most of them show symptoms in the period 6-13 days [29]. People who contract the disease have different levels of severity, some people have mild symptoms, while others might need a health facility to look after.…”

Section: Symptoms and Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Epidemiology of Monkeypox and Prevention in Thailand

Sompolwattana¹

2022

IJRP

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Objective:The purpose of study was to extend information prevention of monkeypox virus infection in Thailand. Background: Although monkeypox has been discovered and spread in particular areas, in 2022, monkeypox virus has immensely expanded to other continents and ultimately the global health crisis has occurred. Therefore, the monkeypox 2022 outbreak may negatively affect social contexts. To extend, there is the predisposition of increasing monkeypox infection cases and Thailand might encounter the monkeypox epidemic circumstance. Thus, this study endeavored to congregate monkeypox prevention may provide an initiative or idea regarding prevention in monkeypox outbreak for Thailand. Result:The research confirmed that there are 2 possible prevention methods to protect against infection including selfprevention and vaccination. 2 vaccines are recommended to use for prevention: JYNNEOS and ACAM2000. However, the conditions of JYNNEOS are that it is only recommended for people aged 18 or older with high risk, and must be vaccinated for 2 doses. Apart from that, ACAM2000, or smallpox vaccine, found no exact supporting evidence of effectiveness at current time. In extent, freeze-dry smallpox vaccines which were frozen for more than 4 decades are qualified to use in Thailand. Conclusions: Our data suggests that the JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 vaccines are able to be used, although the JYNNEOS vaccine may be prioritized first. Nonetheless, self-prevention might play a major role in coping with further monkeypox situations in Thailand.

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“…In addition, the monkeypox virus is not transmitted from one person to another through sexual transmission alone; it can be transmitted to all those who work closely with an infected person. Therefore, health workers working on the frontlines are anxious and stressed [ 9 ]. Although they gain personal satisfaction by providing care to patients, they certainly experience physical and mental discomfort.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak — Special attention to nurses’ protection should be a top priority

Ibrahim

Abdulrahman

Ali

et al. 2022

Annals of Medicine &Amp; Surgery

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Monkeypox 2022 Identify-Isolate-Inform: A 3I Tool for frontline clinicians for a zoonosis with escalating human community transmission

Cited by 41 publications

References 61 publications

Monkeypox 2022: A Primer and Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool for Emergency Medical Services Professionals

Monkeypox 2022: A Primer and Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool for Emergency Medical Services Professionals

A Review on Epidemiology of Monkeypox and Prevention in Thailand

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak — Special attention to nurses’ protection should be a top priority

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