Mono-material wood wall: Novel building envelope using subtractive manufacturing of timber profiles to improve thermal performance and airtightness of solid wood construction

Environmentally Responsive Materials for Building Envelopes: A Review on Manufacturing and Biomimicry-Based Approaches

“…Machines, such as CNC millings, allow the fabrication of products with high precision, coupled with robotic arms with multiple joints and degrees of freedom (DOF), nowadays integrating a technology that includes decision-making according to the environment and objects during production [ 150 ]. Furthermore, the products from this technique could result in interlocking component geometries, facilitating the assembly of such products and achieving good building energy performance without requiring high-level training [ 32 ].…”

“…Furthermore, the level of precision may achieve surface patterns that may promote the hydrophobic or hydrophilic behavior of plants and animals [ 69 , 73 , 74 ] or thicken the boundary layer to enhance the insulation of the surfaces [ 36 ]. However, as stated in [ 32 ], automated CNC processes may produce interlocking parts to help achieve modular prefabricated active envelopes. However, some issues regarding the sustainability of the process and control may still challenge the use of CNC-based manufacturing for developing responsive envelopes.…”

“…During growth, form and microstructure are created in the same process; thus, for biological materials, the structure becomes hierarchical [ 30 , 31 ]. However, the latest advances in material design and development and the industrial development of manufacturing techniques within the industry 4.0 revolution, such as those integrating robotics and computer numerically controlled (CNC) [ 32 ], may ease these challenges.…”

Construction Robotics: From Automation to Collaboration

“…However, when combined with robotic assembly, the use of the robot overcomes the need to reposition and reprocess the working piece, which may also decrease tolerances and allow for more design possibilities (20). Applications of subtractive robotic processes range from cutting and sawing (21)(22)(23)(24), milling (25)(26)(27), and drilling (20) to carving (28). Besides additive and subtractive processes, we can also delimit deformative processes, such as wire bending (29,30), metal sheet bending or folding (31,32), and incremental sheet forming (33).…”

Analiza življenjskega cikla in priložnosti za zmanjševanje vplivov lesne industrije na okolje

“…Izvedene so bile analize občutljivosti (Duan et al, 2022) za izolacije, osnovne materiale, uporabo fenol-formaldehidne smole, razdaljo transporta, vrsto uporabljene energije, energijsko učinkovitost, prehajanje zraka, uporabo recikliranih materialov, upravljanje z ostanki biomase, življenjsko dobo, učinkovitost toplotne črpalke in še posebej za delež ponovno uporabljenega lesa. Kot najbolj vplivni in ključni za nadaljnjo raziskovanje njihovih alternativnih možnosti so se izkazali: izolacija (Bucklin et al, 2022;Duan et al, 2022;Füchsl et al, 2022;Galimshina et al, 2022), vrsta uporabljenih lesnih kompozitov (Andersen et al, 2022;Bucklin et al, 2022;Cascione et al, 2022;Duan et al, 2022;Kromoser et al, 2022), transport materiala za gradnjo (Duan et al, 2022), vrsta uporabljene energije (Duan et al, 2022;Saadatian et al, 2022;Tushar et al, 2022) in vrsta oken (Duan et al, 2022;Saadatian et al, 2022;Tushar et al, 2022), kjer so še posebej opazne prednosti uporabe lesenih oken v primerjavi s PVC, aluminijastimi oziroma kompozitnimi (les-aluminij) sistemi oken. Pomembno vplivajo tudi ostali dejavniki, kot sta razmerje velikosti oken glede na steno in orientacija oken v objektu.…”