Monoamines in the early chick embryo: Demonstration of serotonin synthesis and the regional distribution of serotonin‐concentrating cells during morphogenesis

Wallace, James A.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001650304

Cited by 78 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…1D-N K, M, N). Catecholamine fluorescence, which is indicative of catecholamine uptake or synthesis, has been described previously in the notochord and somite by Kirby and Gilmore [1972], Strudel et al [1977], Lauder et al [1980], Newgreen et al [1981], and Wallace [1982]. Our current observations thus confirm their data.…”

Section: Net Immunoreactivity In the E35 Quail Embryosupporting

confidence: 92%

Ubiquitous Embryonic Expression of the Norepinephrine Transporter

Ren

Pörzgen²,

Youn³

et al. 2003

Dev Neurosci

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We report that the norepinephrine transporter (NET) is expressed in avian and mouse embryos by numerous tissues that are derived from all three germ layers. In the nervous system, NET is expressed in the neuroepithelium of the brain and the spinal cord (ventral horn and floor plate), forming mesencephalic nuclei, neural crest, dorsal root ganglion, sympathetic ganglion and spinal nerve. Nonneuronal embryonic NET-expressing structures include the olfactory epithelium, the notochord, the somitic dermamyotome and mesenchymal cells in the limb bud. NET is expressed prominently in the cardiovascular system, including endothelial cells of forming blood vessels, the walls of the aorta and veins, the epicardium, myocardium and a subset of blood cells. The gut, lung buds, and in particular the kidneys, are intensely NET immunoreactive. Since neurotransmitters are known to affect proliferation, survival and differentiation of many mesenchymal cell types, NET function may be a physiologically relevant regulatory element in embryonic development. A working model is proposed for neurotransmitter transporter function in the embryo as a system for the concentration and targeted delivery of neurotransmitter.

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Section: Net Immunoreactivity In the E35 Quail Embryosupporting

confidence: 92%

Ubiquitous Embryonic Expression of the Norepinephrine Transporter

Ren

Pörzgen²,

Youn³

et al. 2003

Dev Neurosci

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“…This hypothesis is supported by previous work on sea urchins (21,39), where 5-HT was found to be an important stimulus for epithelial-mesenchymal transformation during gastrulation. Similarly, Wallace (29) demonstrated the transient ability of the floor plate of the neural tube to take up 5-HT synthesized by the notochord in stage 10-12 chick embryos. This ability is expressed not only at the rostral end of the neural tube but also at the caudal end, where gastrulation is still ongoing in association with the persistent primitive streak.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In the developing heart, Yavarone et al (25) Evidence that 5-HT regulates craniofacial and cardiac development is consistent with studies by Buznikov and colleagues (26,27) using the sea urchin embryo, indicating that either 5-HT or a 5-HT-like substance is involved in early morphogenetic events, such as cleavage and gastrulation, prior to formation of the nervous system. Likewise, 5-HT has been implicated in gastrulation and neurulation during early avian development (28)(29)(30). The presence of 5-HT during gastrulation is particularly interesting with respect to NC cell migration, since both processes have been suggested to be pivotal for determination of the body plan (8), and in each case, an ectodermal layer undergoes transformation into a mesenchyme and then proceeds to migrate away from its site of origin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of 5-HT during gastrulation is particularly interesting with respect to NC cell migration, since both processes have been suggested to be pivotal for determination of the body plan (8), and in each case, an ectodermal layer undergoes transformation into a mesenchyme and then proceeds to migrate away from its site of origin. Association of 5-HT uptake capacity with the primitive streak and notochord has led to the suggestion that it plays an important role in gastrulation of the chick embryo (28,29).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Serotonin regulates mouse cranial neural crest migration.

Moiseiwitsch

Lauder

1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

110

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Serotonergic agents (uptake inhibitors, receptor ligands) cause significant craniofacial malformations in cultured mouse embryos suggesting that 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (5-HT) may be an important regulator of craniofacial development. To determine whether serotonergic regulation of cell migration might underly some of these effects, cranial neural crest (NC) explants from embryonic day 9 (E9) (plug day = El) mouse embryos or dissociated mandibular mesenchyme cells (derived from NC) from E12 embryos were placed in a modified Boyden chamber to measure effects of serotonergic agents on cell migration. A dosedependent effect of 5-HT on the migration of highly motile cranial NC cells was demonstrated, such that low concentrations of 5-HT stimulated migration, whereas this effect was progressively lost as the dose of 5-HT was increased. The cranial neural crest (NC) gives rise to most of the mesenchyme (also known as ectomesenchyme) of the craniofacial region (1, 2) and contributes to the endocardial cushions of the heart (3, 4). In the mouse, NC cells start to emerge from the lateral borders of the neuroepithelium or neural folds during early stages of neurulation (5, 6). Although a passive distribution of cranial NC in the mouse has been suggested (7), there is evidence that these cells actively migrate toward the developing pharyngeal arches and frontonasal process (8). Here, they differentiate into mesenchymal derivatives, such as bone, cartilage, dentin, and dental pulp (2,3,5).A number of different signals have been implicated in stimulation and guidance of NC migration, including growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, and their receptors. Using the chick as an experimental model, BronnerFraser and others have investigated the involvement of several ECM molecules in NC migration, including tenascin, fibronectin, laminin, and several types of collagen, as well as integrins, which act as receptors for some of these molecules (see ref. 9 for review). From these studies it is apparent that many of these actions are mediated by ,1 integrin subunits that are expressed on the cell surface of migrating NC.Although less well studied, humoral factors may also regulate or modulate NC migration. Increasing evidence suggests that blood-borne factors, in particular neurotransmitters, may play important roles in the development of craniofacial structures and endocardial cushions of the heart. Specifically, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (5-HT), which appears to reach the mouse embryo from maternal sources (10), has been shown to influence development of craniofacial and cardiac mesenchyme in a dose-dependent manner (11). By employing mouse whole-embryo culture (WEC) (12), Lauder and colleagues (13-15) demonstrated the transient expression of low-affinity sites for 5-HT uptake and degradation in developing craniofacial epithelia that exhibited a striking spatiotemporal correlation with key morphogenic events in this region. Recently, the 5-HT uptake transporter has been localized in developing cr...

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“…Wallace (20) found that the embryo produces serotonin as early as stage 10. In addition, egg yolk contains epinephrine and norepinephrine (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Environmental Hypothermia on Vitelline Artery Blood Pressure and Vascular Resistance in the Stage 18, 21, and 24 Chick Embryo

Nakazawa

Clark

et al. 1985

Pediatr Res

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ABSTRACT. We studied the effect of environmental hy-that blood pressure and cardial output decreased and vascular pothermia on arterial blood pressure, dorsal aortic blood resistance increased with hypothermia in all stages. flow, and vascular resistance in stage 18, 21, and 24 chick embryos. The arterial pressure was measured with a servonull micropressure system. Mean dorsal aortic blood flow METHODS was calculated from p u l s e d -~o~~l e r measurement of mean dorsal aortic blood velocity and dorsal aortic diameter. stage 18 and 24 embryos. We conclude that the reduction of vitelline artery blood pressure resulted from a decrease in cardiac output. In addition, we noted that the vitelline arterial vascular bed can constrict in response to hypothermia prior to autonomic innervation. These changes in hemodynamics may be a teratogenic mechanism for hypothermia-induced cardiac defects in the chick embryo. (Pediatr Res 19:651-654, 1985) Low environmental temperature is one of the hazards to the chick embryo during incubation. In experimental studies, a decrease in incubation temperature causes embryo death or malformations of various organs including the heart (1). Hypothermia also results in hemodynamic changes including a decrease in heart rate and dorsal aortic blood flow in the embryo (2). There are, however, no integrated studies on the effects of hypothermia on blood pressure and vascular resistance.We studied the effect of hypothermia on vitelline artery blood pressure, dorsal aortic blood flow, and vascular resistance in the stage 18,2 1, and 24 chick embryos, points in development prior to the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. We found Received May 2, 1984; accepted February 20, 1985 Fertile white Leghorn chicken eggs were incubated blunt end up in a forced draft constant humidity incubator to Hamburger and Hamilton (3) stages 18 (approximately 3 days), 2 1 (3% days), and 24 (4 days). We opened the shell and removed the outer and inner shell membranes to expose the embryo. We inserted a 5-pm diameter-tipped drawn glass micropipette electrode in a firstorder vitelline artery for measuring pressure with a servo-null micropressure system (model 900, WP Instruments). We previously showed this technique is linear over a range of 0-30 mm Hg (y = 0.995 x -0.23, r2 = 0.99, SEE = 0.1 1 mm Hg) (4).Environmental temperature was monitored with a 1-mm thermistor probe placed adjacent to the embryo. Since it was not technically possible to measure embryo body temperature directly, we assumed that environmental temperature accurately reflected embryo core temperature.Mean dorsal aortic blood flow, an index of cardiac output, was determined by measuring mean dorsal aortic blood velocity with a 20 MHz pulsed-Doppler velocity meter. The 1-mm piezoelectric crystal was positioned over the dorsal aorta at a 45" angle. We previously showed that this technique is linear over a range of 0-16 mm/s (y = 0 . 8 5~ + 1.15, r2 = 0.99, SEE = 0.49 mm/s) (4). Dorsal aortic diameter was measured with a filar micrometer eyep...

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Monoamines in the early chick embryo: Demonstration of serotonin synthesis and the regional distribution of serotonin‐concentrating cells during morphogenesis

Cited by 78 publications

References 27 publications

Ubiquitous Embryonic Expression of the Norepinephrine Transporter

Ubiquitous Embryonic Expression of the Norepinephrine Transporter

Serotonin regulates mouse cranial neural crest migration.

Effect of Environmental Hypothermia on Vitelline Artery Blood Pressure and Vascular Resistance in the Stage 18, 21, and 24 Chick Embryo

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