The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strand-exchange protein 1 (Sepl also known as Xml, Keml, Rar.5, StppIDST2) has been demonstrated to mediate the formation of hybrid DNA from model substrates of linear double-stranded and circular single-stranded DNA in v i m . To delineate the mechanism by which Sepl acts in the strand-exchange reaction, we analyzed mouse anti-Sepl monoclonal antibodies for inhibition of the Sepl in vitro activity. Of 12 class-G immunoglobulins tested, four were found to consistently inhibit the Sepl-mediated strand-exchange reaction. The inhibiting antibodies were tested for inhibition of a variety of Sepl -catalyzed DNA reactions including exonuclease activity on double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, renaturation of complementary single-stranded DNA and condensation of DNA into large aggregates. All four inhibiting antibodies had no effect on the exonuclease activity of Sepl. Three antibodies specifically blocked DNA aggregation. In addition, one antibody inhibited renaturation of complementary single-stranded DNA. This inhibition pattern underlines the importance of condensation of DNA into large aggregates in conjunction with double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity for the in vitro homologous pairing activity of Sepl. The implications of these data for the interpretation of proteins which promote homologous pairing of DNA are discussed, in particular in light of the reannealing activity of the p53 human tumor-suppressor protein.