Monoclonal antibodies to Mojave toxin and use for isolation of cross-reacting proteins in Crotalus venoms

Rael, Eppie D.; Salo, Richard J.; Zepeda, H

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(86)90029-2

Cited by 34 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…To determine if neurotoxins similar to Crotoxin/Mojave toxin were present at the protein level, an ELISA analysis was made using monoclonal antibodies against the basic subunit of crotoxin. As previously reported in literature, none of the C. m. nigrescens individuals were positive for neurotoxins in their venom [62,63]. As expected, the Type A C. s. scutulatus venom used as a control was positive for Mojave toxin.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Ontogenetic Change in the Venom of Mexican Black-Tailed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus molossus nigrescens)

Borja

Neri-Castro

Pérez‐Morales

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Ontogenetic changes in venom composition have important ecological implications due the relevance of venom in prey acquisition and defense. Additionally, intraspecific venom variation has direct medical consequences for the treatment of snakebite. However, ontogenetic changes are not well documented in most species. The Mexican Black-tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus nigrescens) is large-bodied and broadly distributed in Mexico. To document venom variation and test for ontogenetic changes in venom composition, we obtained venom samples from twenty-seven C. m. nigrescens with different total body lengths (TBL) from eight states in Mexico. The primary components in the venom were detected by reverse-phase HPLC, western blot, and mass spectrometry. In addition, we evaluated the biochemical (proteolytic, coagulant and fibrinogenolytic activities) and biological (LD50 and hemorrhagic activity) activities of the venoms. Finally, we tested for recognition and neutralization of Mexican antivenoms against venoms of juvenile and adult snakes. We detected clear ontogenetic venom variation in C. m. nigrescens. Venoms from younger snakes contained more crotamine-like myotoxins and snake venom serine proteinases than venoms from older snakes; however, an increase of snake venom metalloproteinases was detected in venoms of larger snakes. Venoms from juvenile snakes were, in general, more toxic and procoagulant than venoms from adults; however, adult venoms were more proteolytic. Most of the venoms analyzed were hemorrhagic. Importantly, Mexican antivenoms had difficulties recognizing low molecular mass proteins (<12 kDa) of venoms from both juvenile and adult snakes. The antivenoms did not neutralize the crotamine effect caused by the venom of juveniles. Thus, we suggest that Mexican antivenoms would have difficulty neutralizing some human envenomations and, therefore, it may be necessary improve the immunization mixture in Mexican antivenoms to account for low molecular mass proteins, like myotoxins.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Ontogenetic Change in the Venom of Mexican Black-Tailed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus molossus nigrescens)

Borja

Neri-Castro

Pérez‐Morales

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…Both toxins share 96% and 99% of amino acid sequence identity for the acidic and basic subunits, respectively, and induce similar biological effects [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Previous reports have shown that antibodies against the basic subunit of Mojave toxin are able to react with the basic subunit of Crotoxin from C. d. terrificus venom, corroborating the high structural similarity between both proteins [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Biological and Proteolytic Variation in the Venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus from Mexico

Borja

Neri-Castro

Castañeda

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Rattlesnake venoms may be classified according to the presence/absence and relative abundance of the neurotoxic phospholipases A 2 s (PLA 2 s), such as Mojave toxin, and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). In Mexico, studies to determine venom variation in Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) are limited and little is known about the biological and proteolytic activities in this species. Tissue (34) and venom (29) samples were obtained from C. s. scutulatus from different locations within their distribution in Mexico. Mojave toxin detection was carried out at the genomic (by PCR) and protein (by ELISA) levels for all tissue and venom samples. Biological activity was tested on representative venoms by measuring LD 50 and hemorrhagic activity. To determine the approximate amount of SVMPs, 15 venoms were separated by RP-HPLC and variation in protein profile and proteolytic activity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE (n = 28) and Hide Powder Azure proteolytic analysis (n = 27). Three types of venom were identified in Mexico which is comparable to the intraspecific venom diversity observed in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, USA: Venom Type A (∼Type II), with Mojave toxin, highly toxic, lacking hemorrhagic activity, and with scarce proteolytic activity; Type B (∼Type I), without Mojave toxin, less toxic than Type A, highly hemorrhagic and proteolytic; and Type A + B, containing Mojave toxin, as toxic as venom Type A, variable in hemorrhagic activity and with intermediate proteolytic activity. We also detected a positive correlation between SVMP abundance and hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. Although more sampling is necessary, our results suggest that venoms containing Mojave toxin and venom lacking this toxin are distributed in the northwest and southeast portions of the distribution in Mexico, respectively, while an intergradation in the middle of both zones is present.

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“…Monoclonal antibodies against P-bungarotoxin partially inhibited its phospholipase activityand did not protect against the lethal effects of the toxin, although they doubled the time to death with respect to control animals [27]. Rae1 et al prepared monoclonal antibodiss against Mojave toxin [28] specific for the basic subunit, but they neutralized neither the toxicity nor the phospholipase A2 activity of Mojavc toxin. Kaiser and Middlebrook, however, reported on crotoxin neurralizing monoclonal antibody raised against the basic subunit of crotoxin 1291.…”

Section: Re §Ults and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological studies of the toxic site in ammodytoxin A

et al. 1991

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Two monoclonal antibodies against the native ammodytoxin A and four site‐directed polyclonal antibodies against synthetic peptides derived from the primary structure of the toxin were prepared in order to estimate the localization of its toxic site. Some of the antibodies neutralized the lethal toxicity of the toxin, thus indicating an approximate position of the toxic or receptor binding site on the molecule that is different from those predicted by comparison with a number of known sequences.

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Monoclonal antibodies to Mojave toxin and use for isolation of cross-reacting proteins in Crotalus venoms

Cited by 34 publications

References 19 publications

Ontogenetic Change in the Venom of Mexican Black-Tailed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus molossus nigrescens)

Ontogenetic Change in the Venom of Mexican Black-Tailed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus molossus nigrescens)

Biological and Proteolytic Variation in the Venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus from Mexico

Immunological studies of the toxic site in ammodytoxin A

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