Monocular and Binocular Acuity Estimation in 18-to 36-Month-Olds

McDonald, Mary Alice; Ankrum, Corlene; Preston, Karen L.; Sebris, S L; Dobson, Velma

doi:10.1097/00006324-198603000-00003

Cited by 55 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…This may be due to the difficulties involved in measuring visual function in children of this age. Preferential looking techniques, while still possible, 37 can become more challenging as children reach 12 to 18 months of age, [38][39][40][41][42][43] and tasks that require behavioral responses are feasible only when the requisite cognitive and language skills Copyright 2013 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. www.iovs.org j ISSN: 1552-5783 have developed, which typically is after the age of 36 months. [44][45][46][47][48][49] The aim of our study was to develop and validate a technique for assessing global motion perception that could be applied to 2-year-old children.…”

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confidence: 99%

Global Motion Perception in 2-Year-Old Children: A Method for Psychophysical Assessment and Relationships With Clinical Measures of Visual Function

Jacobs

Anstice

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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confidence: 99%

Global Motion Perception in 2-Year-Old Children: A Method for Psychophysical Assessment and Relationships With Clinical Measures of Visual Function

Jacobs

Anstice

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…There have been numerous studies of visual acuity development in infants using these techniques which are generally in agreement, showing that VA develops from about 1 cycle per degree (this is often taken to be equivalent to 6/180 Snellen = 0.0333 decimal acuity) in the newborn to 2.6-12 cycles per degree (cpd) at one year. 16,17 Atkinson and Braddick 12 used OPL with older children and found that by the age of 3 years resolution acuity was very close, but not equal to adult values. Table 1 summarises the results of those studies of the development of VA that included 5-year old or older children.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Although numerous matching tests using pictures (Figure 3A), shapes ( Figure 3B) or letters ( Figure 3B) have been developed for preschool children, many of these do not have published norms and many of the studies that do give normal data fail to compare this with an adult group. 17,22 Stiers et al 23 measured both grating and Landolt-C acuity and found that neither had reached adult levels by the end of the fifth year. Atkinson and Braddick 12 , using Snellen acuity, found that crowded optotype acuity was 58% of that of adults at 5 years of age.…”

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Development of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Children

Leat

Yadav

Irving

2009

Journal of Optometry

159

103

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PURPOSE: Most studies of visual development have concentrated on visual development of infants. Only a few studies have extended this to children and determined the point at which visual function becomes truly adult-like. Yet from a clinical and research perspective it is important to know this. This review paper is a discussion of the development of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity into childhood. METHODS:The literature on subjective (measured with preferential looking or psychophysical methods) and objective (visually-evoked potential) measures of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was examined with particular emphasis on studies of children over the age of 5 years and those articles that compared different age groups and those that made a comparison with adults. RESULTS: Visual acuity was found to be fully mature between the ages of 5 and the mid teenage years, while contrast sensitivity was found to mature fully between the ages of 8 to 19 years. Thus, there is still no clear answer to the fundamental question of when these basic aspects of visual function mature, but it may be later than previously thought. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to answer this basic question more precisely and objective measures, such as VEP, may be able to answer this question better than psychophysical methods. KEY WORDS: visual development; visual acuity; contrast sensitivity; critical period; visually-evoked potential. RESUMEN OBJETIVO: La mayoría de los estudios sobre desarrollo visual se han centrado en el desarrollo visual de bebés. Sólo unos pocos estudios han ampliado el intervalo de edades estudiadas para incluir a niños y han determinado en qué momento la función visual alcanza un estado verdaderamente equiparable al de un adulto. Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva clínica y de interés científico, es importante conocer este dato. En este artículo de revisión se analiza el desarrollo de la agudeza visual y de la sensibilidad al contraste a lo largo de la infancia. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los artículos científicos existentes sobre medidas de agudeza visual y de sensibilidad al contraste, tanto subjetivas (medidas con la técnica de mirada preferencial o por métodos psicofísicos) como objetivas (potenciales visuales evocados), centrándonos particularmente en aquellos estudios realizados en niños mayores de 5 años y en aquellos artículos donde se compararon diversos grupos de edad entre sí o con un grupo de adultos. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que para la agudeza visual el ojo alcanza un estado plenamente maduro a una edad comprendida entre los 5 y los 15-16 años, mientras que para la sensibilidad al contraste el ojo alcanza la madurez plena a una edad comprendida entre los 8 y los 19 años. Así, todavía no disponemos de una respuesta clara a la pregunta fundamental de cuándo estos aspectos de la función visual acaban de madurar, pero es posible que esto suceda a una edad más tardía de la que se creía hasta ahora. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario realizar más estudios para poder dar una respuesta más precisa a...

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“…1,2 Initially, acuity cards were constructed of gray cardboard, with a grating that varied in spatial frequency from card to card mounted behind an aperture on one side of the card, and a high spatial frequency grating, composed of very fine black-and-white stripes, mounted behind an aperture on the other side of the card. 1,[3][4][5] After the initial success of the cards in clinical settings, [6][7][8][9] a commercially produced version of the acuity cards became available (Teller Acuity Cards™ [TAC], Vistech Consultants, Inc., Dayton, OH). The commercially produced acuity cards differed from the prototype cards in 3 important ways: (1) the patch of grating that varied from card to card was square, rather than circular, (2) the grating was printed on the card rather than being mounted behind an aperture, and (3) there was no welldefined, high spatial frequency "blank" target on the side of the card opposite the patch of grating.…”

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confidence: 99%