We previously identified a negative correlation between histamine release to histamine releasing factor/translationally controlled tumor protein (HRF/TCTP) and protein levels of the Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5 phosphatase (SHIP) in basophils. We have also demonstrated that HRF/TCTP primes basophils to release mediators. The purpose of this study was to begin characterization of signal transduction events directly induced by HRF/TCTP and to investigate these events when HRF/TCTP is used as a priming agent for human basophil histamine release. Highly purified human basophils were examined for surface expression of bound HRF/TCTP, changes in calcium, and phosphorylation of Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (
IntroductionTranslationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was originally identified in the 1980s by Brawerman's group as a tumor protein in a mouse acidic tumor and in mouse erythroleukemia. However, no function for the protein was identified. 1,2 We identified a histamine releasing factor (HRF) found in late-phase fluids from nasal lavages, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and skin blister fluids that directly induced histamine release from basophils isolated from a subpopulation of allergic donors. 3 We have previously published that approximately 50% of allergic donor basophils respond to HRF/TCTP. 4 This HRF was distinct from histamine release induced by monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), which is a potent activation stimulus of basophils from all donors. 5-7 After purification and cloning, HRF was found to be identical to TCTP, which is also known as p23. 8 This recombinant molecule was found to have the same properties as the originally described HRF derived from nasal secretions: namely, an ability to induce histamine release from selected donors. This protein is ubiquitously expressed as an intracellular protein, and homologs of HRF/TCTP have been described in parasites, including Plasmodium falciparum, Wucheria bancrofti, Brugiia malea, and Schistosoma mansinai, all of which possess mast cell/basophil histamine-releasing activity. [9][10][11] HRF/TCTP appears to have both intracellular and extracellular functions. One group identified the antiapoptotic activities of this molecule and renamed it fortilin. 12 Our group, as well as another group, has identified the interaction between HRF/TCTP and elongation factor-1␦, also known as eElongation factor 1B-. 13,14 Thus, HRF/TCTP may have an intracellular role in interfering with the elongation step of protein synthesis.We, as well as others, have focused on the extracellular functions of HRF/TCTP. HRF/TCTP was initially described as a complete secretagog for histamine and IL-4 secretion from basophils of certain allergic donors. 15 Initially, it was thought that these donors had a certain type of IgE that interacted with HRF/TCTP to induce secretion. 15 However, it was subsequently demonstrated that HRF/TCTP primed HRF/TCTP non-responder (HRF/TCTP-NR) basophils for histamine release as well as IL-4 and IL-13 secretion regar...