Integrin ␣ 5  1 is expressed on activated endothelial cells and plays a critical role in tumor angiogenesis. We hypothesized that a novel integrin ␣ 5  1 antagonist, ATN-161, would inhibit angiogenesis and growth of liver metastases in a murine model. We further hypothesized that combining ATN-161 with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy would enhance the antineoplastic effect. Murine colon cancer cells (CT26) were injected into spleens of BALB/c mice to produce liver metastases. Four days thereafter, mice were given either ATN-161 (100 mg/kg, every 3rd day) or saline by intraperitoneal injection, with or without combination of continuousinfusion 5-FU (100 mg/kg/2 weeks), which was started on day 7. On day 20 after tumor cell inoculation, mice were killed and liver weights and number of liver metastases were determined. A follow-up study on survival was also conducted in which mice were randomized to receive ATN-
Key words: angiogenesis; colon cancer; integrins; liver metastasesIntegrins are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate their own function upon binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as fibronectin, vitronectin and collagen. Integrins are composed of various ␣-and -subunits that form the receptor (reviewed in reference 1), and the unique dimer compositions determine the ability to bind to specific ligands.Integrins regulate cell adhesion and are expressed on the surface of many cell types, including tumor cells, ECs and numerous nonmalignant cell types. 2 In addition to their role in cell adhesion, integrins have been shown to affect intracellular signaling processes and thereby regulate cell survival and proliferation. 2-4 Recently, specific integrins have been identified as being crucial for mediating the angiogenic response of endothelial cells to angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF and bFGF. The integrins ␣ V  3 , ␣ V  5 and ␣ 5  1 have been shown to play important roles in neoplastic and non-neoplastic angiogenesis by promoting EC migration, proliferation and survival. 5-8 Therefore, endothelial-specific integrins have become a promising target for anti-angiogenic approaches in antineoplastic regimens and in the treatment of nonmalignant angiogenic disorders. 9 -12 The integrin ␣ 5  1 is of particular interest as a target since amounts of this integrin and its ligand fibronectin are significantly increased on tumor vessels of many solid malignancies. 13 In some types of cancer, integrin ␣ 5  1 is also expressed on tumor cells and plays a direct role in tumor cell migration, invasion, and survival. 14,15 In colorectal cancers, ␣ 5  1 overexpression has been associated with invasiveness and malignant progression. 14 However, only a few human colon cancer cell lines are known to express this integrin. 14,16,17 Recently, Livant et al. 15 demonstrated that a small peptide antagonist (amino-acid sequence PHSCN) to integrin ␣ 5  1 significantly reduced neovascularization and formation of metastases in an animal model of prostate carcinoma that expresses integr...