Monolithic linings for steel-teeming ladles

Low temperature secondary emission mass spectrometry. Cryobiological applications

“…30,47,48 In the case of frozen distilled water with 10 -5 M of Na + and K + ions, the abundances of the latter are of the same order of magnitude as those of water clusters, although the "bulk" molar content of alkali metal ions is seven orders of magnitude lower in comparison with that of water. 47 The reason for this phenomenon lies, again, in the structural peculiarities of frozen water solutions.…”

“…However, in spite of intense studies, some processes associated with water cluster production are still not fully understood, among which are a mechanism of formation of radical ion water clusters (H 2 O) n +• , 4,8,69 which appear at a temperature close to completion of ice sublimation (at a given pressure in the experimental set-up), and the dependence of cluster distribution on polymorphic forms of solid water. 52 Some other phenomena, such as enhanced sputtering of metal ions present in trace quantities in the frozen distilled water, 10,30 have been explained recently. 48 The investigation of cluster sputtering from ice is of interest for space, atmospheric and ecological research.…”

“…[30][31][32] A miniature rectangular metal plate is suspended by four thin nylon threads within a fragile metal frame. The low thermal conductivity of the nylon threads and the absence of mechanical contact of the sample holder with other ion source parts ensures that warming of the sample occurs mainly due to heat transfer via radiation, which is comparatively slow.…”

“…11,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Attempts to produce LT-FAB/SIMS spectra of frozen water solutions of organic and biologically active compounds were few in number. [30][31][32][33] More recently, progress in other types of desorption techniques such as 252-Cf plasma desorption, laser desorption and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI), has brought about a series of reports on sputtering of biomolecules from frozen water-containing matrices. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] The impressive successes of mass spectrometry in "ambient" molecular biology, as well as the potential of LT techniques, inspired the Mass Spectrometric Laboratory of the Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to initiate, in 1992, work on the application of mass spectrometry to problems of cryobiology and cryobiophysics.…”