Monosodium glutamate impairs the contraction of uterine visceral smooth muscle ex vivo of rat through augmentation of acetylcholine and nitric oxide signaling pathways

Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity

“…Treating the female rats with MSG for two weeks altered the serum levels of progesterone and oestrogen, which are comparable to the findings of previous studies that reported abnormality in the ovarian hormone with increased serum progesterone levels [ 25 , 26 ]. However, the observed oestrogen levels in this study are inconsistent with a study that reported a significant 2-fold increase in serum oestrogen levels compared to control when Wistar rats were treated with 100 mg/kg MSG for 60 days [ 27 ].…”

The ovulation assessment of regular cyclic rats following subacute oral administration of monosodium glutamate: An in vivo study

“…So, if the exposure duration of toxic chemicals to the ovary is around 60 days in humans (≈ 1-3 MSs) and 14-20 days (≈ 3-4 ECs) in rodents, the toxic chemicals can influence the follicles in the second phase of folliculogenesis, which is dependent on hypothalamicpituitary-ovary axis. Several studies with different duration of treatment with MSG longer than in our study reported increased estrogen levels (Obochi et al, 2009;Koffuor et al, 2013;Mondal et al, 2018;Agbadua et al, 2020), which do not concord with our study. In contrast, Abdel-Aziem et al ( 2018) reported a decrease in estrogen level, which concord with the results of our study show decrease without statistical difference.…”

“…The possible mechanism involved in causing the estrogen upsurge was suggested to include activating the aromatase catalyzed conversion of testosterone to estradiol and aromatization of ring A of estradiol, which increased the enzyme activity, resulting in increased estradiol synthesis (Obochi et al, 2009). Moreover, Abdel-Aziem et al (2018) and Mondal et al (2018) reported that MSG's-induced decrease in antioxidant enzymes in ovarian tissues of rats may be responsible, although other possible MSG pathways have not been ruled out. Subacute effect of oral MSG showed significant effects on the physiological function of ovaries in young adult female SD rats, which concord with Ali et al (2014), who reported that subcutaneous injection of MSG (4 mg/kg) daily for 14 days to female adult albino rats showed histological changes in ovaries.…”

Yeast Extracts: Nutritional and Flavoring Food Ingredients

“…MSG has been classified as a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) substance by several regulatory authorities . The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) discussed from human studies the absence of adverse effects at doses up to at least 5 g MSG in a meal, equal to 70 mg/kg/day MSG for an adult, but used from animal model studies a NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level) of 3,200 mg/kg MSG and derived, with a compound-specific uncertainty factor of 100, an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg/day MSG for humans. ,, Numerous studies have been performed for decades on health impact and reproductive, (neuro)­developmental, and neurobehavior toxicity of free glutamate salts, but the conclusions remain partially controversial. − Accordingly, applying a compound-specific uncertainty factor of 25 to the NOAEL of 3,200 mg/kg MSG provides ADI values of 120 mg/kg/day MSG that could represent a valuable compromise…”