Monsoon Clouds Control the Summer Surface Energy Balance on East Rongbuk Glacier (6,523 m Above Sea Level), the Northern of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest)

Liu, Weigang; Zhang, Dongqi; Qin, Xiang; Broeke, M. R. van den; Jiang, Yiquan; Yang, Diyi; Ding, Minghu

doi:10.1029/2020jd033998

Cited by 15 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(207 reference statements)

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“…Everest, combined photogrammetric and satellite imagery reveals thinning greater than 100 m up to 5700 m since 1962, with a near doubling in rate since 2009 14 . Climate reanalysis data show June/September freezing level heights rising ~7 m per year since 2005 15 and an AWS operated May/July 2005 near the ERG ice core site reveals the increased ablation effect of cloud cover 16 . Ice cores collected in 1980 show the effects of melting at 6100 and 6400 m on the Khumbu Glacier 17 .…”

Section: Estimated Scg Thickness Decrease and Timingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mt. Everest’s highest glacier is a sentinel for accelerating ice loss

et al. 2022

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Mountain glacier systems are decreasing in volume worldwide yet relatively little is known about their upper reaches (>5000 m). Here we show, based on the world’s highest ice core and highest automatic weather stations, the significant and increasing role that melting and sublimation have on the mass loss of even Mt. Everest’s highest glacier (South Col Glacier, 8020 m). Estimated contemporary thinning rates approaching ~2 m a−1 water equivalent (w.e.) indicate several decades of accumulation may be lost on an annual basis now that glacier ice has been exposed. These results identify extreme sensitivity to glacier surface type for high altitude Himalayan ice masses and forewarn of rapidly emerging impacts as Mt. Everest’s highest glacier appears destined for rapid retreat.

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Section: Estimated Scg Thickness Decrease and Timingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inserting these values into Eqs. (14) (16) Albedo of fresh snow 0.85 (−) Note that (−) for units denotes a dimensionless quantity.…”

Section: Sublimation and Melt Sensitivity To Climate Forcingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mt. Everest’s highest glacier is a sentinel for accelerating ice loss

et al. 2022

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“…To analyze the role of sublimation in the SEB, the energy components were calculated using the SEB model. The surface energy balance of the glacier for any time interval consists of the following components (Liu, Zhang, et al, 2021):…”

Section: Surface Energy Balance (Seb) Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with the profile method, the bulk method requires only one level of measurements (e.g., wind speed u, temperature T and relative humidity RH) and is relatively insensitive to gauging errors (Denby & Greuell, 2000). The bulk method is hence more widely used to determine the turbulent fluxes over glacier surfaces (e.g., Liu, Zhang, et al, 2021;Munneke et al, 2009;Yang et al, 2011). For a horizontally homogeneous and steady surface, based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (Arck & Scherer, 2002;Garratt, 1992), H and LE can be calculated as…”

Section: Calculation Of Turbulent Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Five‐Year Analysis of Evaposublimation Characteristics and Its Role on Surface Energy Balance SEB on a Midlatitude Continental Glacier

Guo

Chen

et al. 2021

Earth and Space Science

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As a crucial component of cryosphere, the glacier has been considered as an excellent indicator of climate change (Fernandez & Mark, 2016;GTOS, 2008;Oerlemans & Reichert, 2000). With special thermodynamic and hydrological characteristics, the glacier' sublimation play a significant role in exchange process of water and heat between the cryosphere and atmosphere, and thus can be the important factor in regional, even global water and energy balances, as well as the atmospheric circulation (De'ry & Yau, 2002;Suzuki et al., 2015). Under the context of climate warming, the melt of glacier is shifted to an earlier date, the corresponding melt period is prolonged, and the sublimation or evaporation process is likely to be more intense. As a result, there are bound to be changes in spatial and temporal scales of water and energy balances, and thereby affecting the regional water resources and ecological environment.Based on the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI 6.0) published in 2017, Mu et al. (2018) analyzed the current situation and recent change of global glacierized area, and found that the total number of mountain glaciers was about 215500 around the world (excluding the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets). In the middle and low latitudes, the mountain glaciers are more prominent in Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Surroundings, which are known as the Asia's water tower, and providing significant water resources for the arid and semiarid regions that are characterized by relatively less precipitation and more crucial snow or ice melting for the middle and lower reaches (Immerzeel

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“…To understand the physical processes that determine the intensity of glacial ablation, an approach associated with the assessment or modeling of all components of the surface energy balance (SEB) on the glaciers is widely used. Such studies are carried out using automatic weather stations (AWSs) on glaciers located on different continents and in different geographic settings, for example, in Scandinavia 1 – 4 , the European Alps 5 , 6 , the Caucasus 7 , the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas 8 – 12 , Mongolian Altai 13 , Africa 14 , 15 , North America 16 , South America 17 , 18 , New Zealand 19 , Antarctica 20 , and Greenland 21 . However, little is known about the SEB on the glaciers located in northern Asia and especially in Eastern Siberia as yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface energy balance of the Sygyktinsky Glacier, south Eastern Siberia, during the ablation period and its sensitivity to meteorological fluctuations

Osipov

Осипова

2021

Sci Rep

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The physically based melt of the low elevation Eastern Siberian glaciers is poorly understood due to the lack of direct micrometeorological studies. We used an automatic meteorological station to record the meteorological and energy characteristics of the Sygyktinsky Glacier, south Eastern Siberia (56.8° N, 117.4° E, 2,560 m a.s.l.), during two ablation seasons and computed the surface energy balance (SEB) for 30-min intervals. The glacier ablation was both modeled and measured by stakes and a thermistor cable. The net radiation (Rnet) was the main contributor (71–75 W m−2, 89–95%) to the SEB (79 W m−2, 100%), followed by sensible (2–4 W m−2, 3–5%) and latent (2–3 W m−2, 2–4%) heat fluxes. The net shortwave radiation was the main positive component of Rnet, while the net longwave radiation was weak and either negative (− 15 W m−2 in 2019) or positive (4 W m−2 in 2020). The small proportion of turbulent fluxes in the SEB is explained by the low wind speed (1.2 m s−1). The glacier ablation was found to be more sensitive to changes in shortwave radiation and wind speed, suggesting the need to consider the atmospheric conditions of the ablation period (summer snowfalls, cloudiness, wind speed) when analyzing long-term trends in glacial changes.

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Monsoon Clouds Control the Summer Surface Energy Balance on East Rongbuk Glacier (6,523 m Above Sea Level), the Northern of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest)

Cited by 15 publications

References 102 publications

Mt. Everest’s highest glacier is a sentinel for accelerating ice loss

Mt. Everest’s highest glacier is a sentinel for accelerating ice loss

Five‐Year Analysis of Evaposublimation Characteristics and Its Role on Surface Energy Balance SEB on a Midlatitude Continental Glacier

Surface energy balance of the Sygyktinsky Glacier, south Eastern Siberia, during the ablation period and its sensitivity to meteorological fluctuations

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