“…Educational data mining and state-of-the-art There has been a lot of progress in the current literature about using data obtained from the educational settings to improve the intended processes (Wang & Zhu, 2019;Abu Zohair, 2019, Exter et al, 2019Munro, 2018;Dommett, Gardner, & van Tilburg, 2019;Alizadeh, Mehran, Koguchi, & Takemura, 2019). It is noteworthy that existing research has demonstrated that HEIs are increasingly datahungry, with the stakeholders (students, teachers, and administrators, for example) seeking data and study results for their own needs and use (Clark, 2015;Williamson, 2018).…”