Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective

Kessler, Ronald C.; Avenevoli, Shelli; Merikangas, Kathleen R.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01129-5

Cited by 1,033 publications

(780 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The current study adds to previous reports that depressive symptoms, irrespective of diagnostic status, during childhood may considerably increase the risk for female obesity; it also adds to previous studies that increased weight gain associated with childhood depressive symptoms persists from young adulthood to middle age representing a risk for female obesity that increases with age. The high magnitude of the association found in the current long-term study in combination with the high prevalence for depression in children and adolescents 34 imply an important public health impact of childhood depressive symptoms in women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

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Depressive symptoms during childhood and adult obesity: the Zurich Cohort Study

et al. 2005

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Depression and obesity have become major health problems with increasing prevalence. Given the limited effectiveness of treatment for weight problems, the identification of novel, potentially modifiable risk factors may provide insights on new preventive approaches to obesity. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that depressive symptoms during childhood are associated with weight gain and obesity during young adulthood. Participants were from a prospective community-based cohort study of young adults (N ¼ 591) followed between ages 19 and 40 years. The sample was stratified to increase the probability of somatic and psychological syndromes. Information was derived from six subsequent semistructured diagnostic interviews conducted by professionals over 20 years. The outcome measures were body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI430). Among women, depressive symptoms before age 17 years were associated with increased weight gain (4.8 vs 2.6% BMI increase per 10 years) representing greater risk for adult obesity (hazard ratio ¼ 11.52, Po0.05). Among men, only after controlling for confounders, depressive symptoms before age 17 years were associated with increased weight gain (6.6 vs 5.2% BMI increase per 10 years) in adulthood but not with occurrence of obesity. These associations between childhood depressive symptoms and adult body weight were adjusted for baseline body weight, a family history of weight problems, levels of physical activity, consumption of alcohol and nicotine, and demographic variables. As the magnitude of the associations was high, and depression during childhood is a prevalent and treatable condition, this finding may have important clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Whether the results of this study are limited to populations with elevated levels of psychopathology remains to be tested. Molecular Psychiatry (2005) 10, 842-850.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…34 Therefore, this study might encourage further studies examining the effects on overweight of treatments aimed at reducing depressive symptoms during childhood among women. This may provide another potential means to reduce the burden associated with obesity and related negative health consequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Depressive symptoms during childhood and adult obesity: the Zurich Cohort Study

et al. 2005

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“…Nonetheless, at least with respect to the drug dependence syndromes, recent empirical research provides evidence that epidemiologic studies can and do provide generally valid and reliable estimates of the occurrence of these conditions, as well as their corresponding ages of onset (e.g., see Prusoff et al 1988;Langenbucher et al 1994;Shillington et al 1995;Wittchen et al 1989Wittchen et al , 1998Wittchen et al , 1999Shillington and Clapp 2000). In addition, the types of survival analysis we have performed with respect to drug dependence in the present study have many analogs in studies that other research teams have completed with respect to psychiatric disturbances outside the realm of drug dependence (Breslau and Klein 1999;Prescott and Kendler 1999;Horwath and Weissman 2000;Kessler et al 2001).In this paper, we study the risk of transition from first drug use to drug dependence using two measures of risk: the "cumulative probability" and the "instantaneous" hazard or time-specific risk of an event. Described briefly, the cumulative probability for an event is the proportion of individuals in a population who experience the event up to or through a specified time point or interval (e.g., the accumulated probability of having initiated marijuana use by age 17).…”

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confidence: 71%

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

Wagner

Anthony

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

642

394

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The focal point of this paper is the transition from drug use to drug dependence. We present new evidence on risk for starting to use marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol, as well as risks for progression from first drug use to the onset of drug dependence, separately for each of these drugs. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) were analyzed. The NCS had a representative sample of the United States population ages 15-54 years (n ϭ 8,098In an earlier report of evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey, our research group described some interesting features about the comparative epidemiology of drug dependence. For example, as a summary population average value for the estimated millions of Americans age 15-54 years who had tried cocaine at least one time by the early 1990s, about one in six had become dependent upon cocaine (about 16-17% NO . 4 marijuana at least one time, about one in 11 had become dependent upon it (about 9%). By comparison, among persons who had tried alcoholic beverages at least once, about one in 6 or 7, or 15%, had become alcohol dependent (Anthony et al. 1994). In the present study, we extend this look at the comparative epidemiology of drug dependence, but here our focus is upon estimation of the age-specific and time-specific risks of progression from first drug use to dependence, separately for marijuana, cocaine, and (for comparison) alcoholic beverages (hereinafter, 'alcohol').Prior studies have conveyed estimates of age-specific risk for first alcohol use and alcohol dependence, as well as risk estimates for initiation of illicit use and dependence on controlled drugs in general (e.g., Kandel and Logan 1984;Eaton et al. 1989;Warner et al. 1995;Chen and Kandel 1995;Johnson and Gerstein 1998;Perkonigg et al. 1999;DeWit et al. 2000). The role of early onset of drug use and progression to initial and problematic use of other drugs also has been studied in some detail (e.g., Kandel 1985;Anthony and Petronis 1995;Grant 1998;Grant and Dawson 1998). However, what is especially novel about the present study is its new look at both the cumulative and instantaneous risk of drug dependence in relation to time elapsed since first use of marijuana and cocaine, with alcohol for comparison.Whereas epidemiological studies of this type generally are regarded as valid sources of evidence, it is possible that some critics might call into question the validity or reliability of drug dependence assessments obtained in large-sample survey research as compared with what can be obtained via intensive clinical study of smaller samples (e.g., see Anthony et al. 1985;Brugha et al. 1999). Nonetheless, at least with respect to the drug dependence syndromes, recent empirical research provides evidence that epidemiologic studies can and do provide generally valid and reliable estimates of the occurrence of these conditions, as well as their corresponding ages of onset (e.g., see Prusoff et al. 1988;Langenbucher et al. 1994;Shillington et al. 1995;Wittchen et al. 1989Wittchen et al. , 1998Wittchen et ...

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“…Between 20% and 50% percent of adolescents report experiencing subsyndromal levels of depression (Kessler, Avenevoli, & Merikangas, 2001;Petersen, Compas, Brooks-Gunn, & Stemmler, 1993). Lifetime prevalence rates of 1.5% (e.g., Costello et al, 1996) and 7% (e.g., Kessler et al, 2005) have been reported for depressive disorders among children and adolescents, respectively.…”

Section: Development Of Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective

Jacobs

Reinecke

Gollan

et al. 2008

Clinical Psychology Review

187

135

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We summarize and integrate research on cognitive vulnerability to depression among children and adolescents. We first review prospective longitudinal studies of the most researched cognitive vulnerability factors (attributional style, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-perception) and depression among youth. We next review research on information processing biases in youth. We propose that the integration of these two literatures will result in a more adequate test of cognitive vulnerability models. Last, we outline a program of research addressing methodological, statistical, and scientific limitations in the cognitive vulnerability literature.

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Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective

Cited by 1,033 publications

References 84 publications

Depressive symptoms during childhood and adult obesity: the Zurich Cohort Study

Depressive symptoms during childhood and adult obesity: the Zurich Cohort Study

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective

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