“…As an indicator of the intrinsic catalytic activity, turnover frequency (TOF) can be calculated to show the rate of oxygen produced per active site of the material based on the formula TOF = j * A /(4* F * m ), in which j is the current density at a specific potential ( A cm −2 ), A is the surface area of the electrode (1 cm −2 ), F is the Faraday constant (96 485 C mol −1 ), and m is the amount of active material (mol cm −2 ). 52,53 TOF OER for NiCo-S3 and NiCo-S4 is given in Table 2. As can be seen, the TOF for NiCo-S3 and NiCo-S4 is 1.69 and 2.51 (10 −3 S −1 ), respectively, with almost 48% higher TOF for NiCo-S4, in line with the results obtained by LSV, Tafel slope and ECSA.…”