Moral Judgment and Decision Making

Bartels, Daniel M.; Bauman, Christopher W.; Cushman, Fiery; Pizarro, David A.; McGraw, A. Peter

doi:10.1002/9781118468333.ch17

Cited by 117 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 206 publications

(179 reference statements)

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“…Our results contribute to highlighting the importance of considering apparently irrelevant factors related to information presentation. These factors can impact, not only on the conclusions that researchers make based on their experimental design (Bartels, Bauman, Cushman, Pizarro, & McGraw, 2015), but more importantly conclusions that people make in real life situations. We would like to think that human adults base their everyday life moral judgements on relevant information only, but we have to keep in mind that moral judgements can be impacted by morally irrelevant factors unrelated to the protagonists or the circumstances of the action such as order effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moral Judgments Depend on Information Presentation: Evidence for Recency and Transfer Effects

2018

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Moral judgements are crucial for social life and rely on the analysis of the agent’s intention and the outcome of the agent’s action. The current study examines to the influence of how the information is presented on moral judgement. The first experiment investigated the effects of the order in which intention and outcome information was presented. The results showed that participants relied more on the last presented information, suggesting a recency effect. The second experiment required participants to make two types of judgments (wrongness vs. punishment) and manipulated the order of the requested two types of judgments. Results showed an asymmetrical transfer effect whereby punishment judgements, but not wrongness judgements were affected by the order of presentation. This asymmetrical transfer effect was likely linked to the ambiguity of the punishment judgement. Altogether, the study showed that the order in which information was presented and the order in which one was asked to think about the wrongness of an action or the punishment that the action deserves were two factors that should be irrelevant, but actually influenced moral judgements. The influence of these factors was mostly observed during the most difficult judgements, precisely in situations where human decision is called upon, such as in court trials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moral Judgments Depend on Information Presentation: Evidence for Recency and Transfer Effects

2018

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“…Our framework adopts the view that the computation of utility or value of a particular action for oneself, other individuals, and/or society comprises a core component of moral cognition (Bartels, Bauman, Cushman, Pizarro, & McGraw, ; Crockett, , ; Cushman, ; Shenhav & Greene, ) and is related to the moral philosophy of utilitarianism, which posits that morally right action is the action that produces the most good or utility (e.g., Mill, /1998). We propose that a key subcomponent of utility in moral cognition is harm aversion : a moral sentiment defined as a distaste for harming others.…”

Section: Harm Aversion As a Core Component Of Moral Cognition Across mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Morality in 3‐D: Decision‐Making, Judgment, and Inference

Siegel

Crockett

2018

Topics in Cognitive Science

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Humans face a fundamental challenge of how to balance selfish interests against moral considerations. Such trade‐offs are implicit in moral decisions about what to do; judgments of whether an action is morally right or wrong; and inferences about the moral character of others. To date, these three dimensions of moral cognition–decision‐making, judgment, and inference–have been studied largely independently, using very different experimental paradigms. However, important aspects of moral cognition occur at the intersection of multiple dimensions; for instance, moral hypocrisy can be conceived as a disconnect between moral decisions and moral judgments. Here we describe the advantages of investigating these three dimensions of moral cognition within a single computational framework. A core component of this framework is harm aversion, a moral sentiment defined as a distaste for harming others. The framework integrates economic utility models of harm aversion with Bayesian reinforcement learning models describing beliefs about others’ harm aversion. We show how this framework can provide novel insights into the mechanisms of moral decision‐making, judgment, and inference.

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“… 1 Moral principles concern what behaviors or actions are regarded as right or wrong (Bartels et al 2015). We acknowledge that “ethical” and “moral” should not be used interchangeably, but one challenge researchers face is that the concepts are often defined in highly similar ways (e.g., Ferrell et al 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

Exporting an Inherently Harmful Product: The Marketing of Virginia Slims Cigarettes in the United States, Japan, and Korea

et al. 2015

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Ethical issues surrounding the marketing and trade of controversial products such as tobacco require a better understanding. Virginia Slims, an exclusively women’s cigarette brand first launched in 1968 in the USA, was introduced during the mid 1980s to major Asian markets, such as Japan and Korea, dominated by male smokers. By reviewing internal corporate documents, made public from litigation, we examine the marketing strategies used by Philip Morris as they entered new markets such as Japan and Korea and consider the extent that the company attempted to appeal to women in markets where comparatively few women were smokers. The case study of Virginia Slims reveals that the classification of “vulnerable” consumers is variable depending on culture, tobacco firms display responsive efforts and strategies when operating within a “mature” market, and cultural values played a role in informing Philip Morris’ strategic decision to embrace an adaptive marketing approach, particularly when entering the Korean market. Finally, moral questions are raised with tobacco being identified as a priority product for export and international trade agreements being used by corporations, governments, or trade partners in efforts to undermine domestic public health policies.

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Moral Judgment and Decision Making

Cited by 117 publications

References 206 publications

Moral Judgments Depend on Information Presentation: Evidence for Recency and Transfer Effects

Moral Judgments Depend on Information Presentation: Evidence for Recency and Transfer Effects

Modeling Morality in 3‐D: Decision‐Making, Judgment, and Inference

Exporting an Inherently Harmful Product: The Marketing of Virginia Slims Cigarettes in the United States, Japan, and Korea

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