Moral Stages and Moral Orientations in Real-Life and Hypothetical Dilemmas

Gender and Perceived Fundamental Moral Orientations: An Empirical Study of the Turkish Hotel Industry

“…Our findings are also consistent with prior research indicating that women and men use both the care and justice ethics in resolving ethical dilemmas (Gilligan and Attanucci, 1988;Rothbart et al, 1986;Thoma, 1986;Walker, 1984Walker, , 1986Walker et al, 1987). Because the respondents' perceptions differ significantly but not dramatically from the scale midpoint, both men and women would be placed within the self-fullness range of the scale (i.e., the middle third of the scale).…”

“…Some research has supported Gilligan's gender differentiation in moral reasoning (e.g., Johnston, 1985;Peter and Gallup, 1994). However, other research has indicated that men and women use both the care and justice ethics in resolving ethical dilemmas -and sometimes with no difference between the two genders in terms of the frequency of use (Gilligan and Attanucci, 1988;Rothbart et al, 1986;Thoma, 1986;Walker, 1984Walker, , 1986Walker et al, 1987). Yet another study suggests that women rely on an ethic of justice in resolving ethical dilemmas in the workplace (Hopkins and Bilimoria, 2004).…”

Influence of the cortical midline structures on moral emotion and motivation in moral decision-making

“…Although the environment in MR scanners makes it difficult to employ truly naturalistic experimental stimuli, several scholars have suggested text-based materials using reallife socio-moral stories [149,150] and attempted to apply them to an fMRI experiment [151];…”

No Man’s Land: Exploring the Space between Gilligan and Kohlberg

“…Gilligan and Attanucci (1988) reported two-thirds of participants showing only one orientation during discussion of a self-generated moral dilemma, Langdale (1986) reported 87%. Other researchers have not been able to replicate these results (Krebs et al, 1994;Pratt et al, 1988;Walker et al, 1987;Wark and Krebs, 1996). There is thus little evidence, show Jaffee and Hyde (2000), to support the claim of orientation consistency and virtually no evidence on the extent to which moral orientations develop over time.…”

“…Colby et al (1983) argue care, relation, and trust are elements in each of the Moral Judgment Interview (MJI) scoring schemes often used in earlier CMD research. Others argue that since care reasoning can be elicited by the MJI dilemmas, a separate theoretical and psychometric structure is unnecessary (Walker et al, 1987;Wark and Krebs, 1996). Gilligan's contention that care and justice represent distinct moral perspectives is still just a contention, while her attribution of the former to males and latter to females has not yet received any significant empirical support, as shown in previous sections.…”