Moral Thinking in Male Elementary Pupils as Reflected by Perception of Basketball Rules

Age Differences in Individuals' Cognitive and Behavioral Moral Functioning Responses in Male Soccer Teams

“…In contrast, the studies on moral reasoning and moral intention have shown inconsistent results. Concerning the effect of age on moral reasoning, four studies used a qualitative method (i.e., dilemmas and interviews) of measurement (Bredemeier, 1994;Bredemeier, Weiss, Shields, & Cooper, 1986;Jantz, 1975;Rainey, Santilli, & Fallon, 1992), and two examined this component with a questionnaire (Stephens, 2001;Stephens & Bredemeier, 1996). Among these studies, three indicated an increase in moral reasoning with age (Jantz, 1975;Rainey et al, 1992), three found no effect (Bredemeier, 1994;Stephens & Bredemeier, 1996) and one reported a decrease (Stephens, 2001).…”

What Goes Around Comes Around

“…Emergent themes from a content analysis were remarkably similar (from a negative view) to those of Bovyer: (a) unfair actions by adults, (b) negative game behaviors (disrespecting opponents, physical and verbal aggression), and (c) negative team behaviors (selfishness, lack of self-control, dishonesty). Jantz's (1975) research, which applied methods from Piaget's famous marble game experiment to children's moral thinking about the rules of basketball, initiated a movement toward theory-driven studies on moral development. Some studies examined a theory of professionalized attitudes toward winning (McElroy & Kirkendall, 1980).…”

Age and Education in Moral Judgment of Participants in Team Sports

“…Conversely, in three other studies investigating children's moral reasoning, no difference was found between 8to 11-and 12-to 13-yr.-old athletes (Bredemeier, Weiss, Shields, & Cooper, 1986, 1987Bredemeier, 1994). However, the studies by Jantz (1975)) Bredemeier, et al (1986,1987)) and Bredemeier (1994) were constrained by the small age spans of young children so the relevance of the findings to competitive sports is uncertain.…”

“…A number of studies have examined some characteristics of moral development in sports, one of which is the relationship of moral development and age. In particular, Jantz (1975) examined knowledge of basketball rules among 5-to 7-yr.-old boys and noted that their moral maturity was lower than that of boys of age 8 to 12 years. Conversely, in three other studies investigating children's moral reasoning, no difference was found between 8to 11-and 12-to 13-yr.-old athletes (Bredemeier, Weiss, Shields, & Cooper, 1986, 1987Bredemeier, 1994).…”