Morbidity and Mortality Risk Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Central or Visceral Adiposity: A Targeted Literature Review

Abstract

Background Given the known relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antiretroviral therapies, and excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT), this review sought to characterize risk of negative health outcomes associated with excess VAT and increased waist circumference (WC) in people with HIV (PWH). Methods Comprehensive targeted literature searches were conducted in Medline/Embase (27 June 2022), identifying peer-reviewed articles and conference abstracts reporting on cohorts of PWH. Screening was guided by PECOS (Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcomes, Study design) criteria. From the included studies, outcomes of interest including mortality and morbidity risk by VAT area and WC were extracted, overall, and by sex, race/ethnicity, and duration of HIV. Relationships between outcome and exposure variables were summarized. Results Thirty-five studies were included (sample size range: 31–1748 PWH). Twenty-five studies characterized the relationship between increased WC and negative health outcomes—cardiovascular disease (CVD), arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, hepatic fat and fibrosis, and cognitive impairment—among PWH. Fifteen studies reported on increased VAT and negative health outcomes: all-cause mortality, CVD, atherosclerosis, hepatic fat, and fibrosis. Importantly, there was a 2.1-times higher odds of 5-year all-cause mortality among PWH with the highest amount of VAT in the only study identified reporting on mortality. Among the studies characterizing the relationship between morbidity and VAT, for example, 1 found that, for each 10-cm2 increase in VAT, the risk of prevalent CVD increased by 1.05 (95% CI: 1.0–1.1) times. Conclusions WC may be a useful and cost-effective surrogate for visceral adiposity, which is an important marker of morbidity and mortality among PWH.