“…Fathers experience a number of barriers to their child welfare involvement, which adversely affects their children's permanency outcomes (Coakley, 2008(Coakley, , 2012Malm et al, 2008). Some barriers are attributed to their own personal problems, such as substance abuse and mental illness (Jaffee, Caspit, Moffitt, Taylor, & Dickson, 2001;Waller & Swisher, 2006), and familial problems, such as, co-parenting and domestic violence issues (Allen & Hawkins, 1999;McLanahan, & Beck, 2010).…”