More Advanced Raman Scattering Techniques

Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool for Bioanalytical and Biomonitoring Studies

“…Today there is a large number of different Raman spectroscopy types [ 41 ] as well as approaches combining the Raman spectroscopy with some variants of the probe microscopy (such as atomic force or tunneling microscopy) or the scanning electron microscopy. There is also a combination of Raman microscopy with optical tweezers [ 2 ].…”

“…Sometimes the TERS (Raman Spectroscopy with tip amplification) method based on the use of a probe microscope and a special gold or silver tip is used; the use of such tips enhances the Raman signal (the lateral resolution corresponds to the tip size equal to ~30 nm) while simultaneously obtaining topographic data by a probe microscope [ 41 ].…”

“…The use of a pulsed laser (or several pulsed lasers) also makes it possible to expand the capabilities of traditional Raman spectroscopy [ 41 ]. For instance, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is utilized to enhance the intensity of the spectrum (or individual frequencies of the spectrum).…”

“…This approach is based on the transition of a molecule to an excited state and the use of two lasers, the frequencies of which are selected in such a way that their difference would correspond to the Stokes frequency. Hyper Raman spectroscopy (HRS) is used to reveal frequencies that are typically not visible in the Raman spectrum, while Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) uses two pulse lasers to generate the anti-Stokes part of the Raman spectrum, allowing for information to be obtained when working in a fluorescent medium [ 41 ].…”

“…In addition to the above-described approaches, there are many other types of Raman spectroscopy, but all of them are quite specific, require significant modifications to standard equipment, and are generally unsuitable for in vitro, in vivo, or even in situ studies [ 41 ].…”