More Than 50 Years of Successful Continuous Temperature Section Measurements by the Global Expendable Bathythermograph Network, Its Integrability, Societal Benefits, and Future

Goñi, Gustavo; Sprintall, Janet; Bringas, Francis; Cheng, Lijing; Cirano, Mauro; Dong, Shenfu; Domingues, Ricardo; Góes, Marlos; Lopez, Hosmay; Morrow, Rosemary; Rivero, Ulises; Rossby, H. Thomas; Todd, Robert E.; Triñanes, Joaquín; Zilberman, Nathalie; Baringer, Molly O’Neil; Boyer, Tim; Cowley, Rebecca; Domingues, Catia M.; Hutchinson, Katherine; Kramp, Martin; Mata, Maurício M.; Reseghetti, Franco; Sun, Charles; Tvs, Udaya Bhaskar; Volkov, Denis

doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00452

Cited by 45 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 156 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…Ground Surface Temperature Histories (GSTHs) and Ground Heat Flux Histories (GHFHs) have been reconstructed from borehole temperature profile (BTP) measurements at regional and larger scales for decadal and millennial time-scales. ( Barkaoui et al, 2013;Beck, 1977;Beltrami, 2001;Beltrami et al, 2006;Beltrami and Bourlon, 2004;Cermak, 1971;Chouinard and Mareschal, 2009;Davis et al, 2010;Demezhko and Gornostaeva, 2015;Harris and Chapman, 2001;Hartmann and Rath, 2005;Hopcroft et al, 2007;Huang et al, 2000;Jaume-Santero et al, 2016;Lachenbruch and Marshall, 1986;LANE, 1923;Pickler et al, 2018; https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-255 Roy et al, 2002;Vasseur et al, 1983). These reconstructions have provided independent records for the evaluation of the evolution of the climate system well before the existence of meteorological records.…”

Section: Borehole Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go? The GCOS Earth heat inventory team

Schuckmann¹,

Cheng²,

Palmer³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top-of-atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) is a fundamental metric of climate change. Understanding the heat gain of the Earth system from this accumulated heat – and particularly how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system – is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This study is a Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory, and presents an updated international assessment of ocean warming estimates, and new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period 1960–2018. The study obtains a consistent long-term Earth system heat gain over the past 58 years, with a total heat gain of 393 &pm; 40 ZJ, which is equivalent to a heating rate of 0.42 &pm; 0.04 W m−2. The majority of the heat gain (89 %) takes place in the global ocean (0–700 m: 53 %; 700–2000 m: 28 %; > 2000 m: 8 %), while it amounts to 6 % for the land heat gain, to 4 % available for the melting of grounded and floating ice, and to 1 % for atmospheric warming. These new estimates indicate a larger contribution of land and ice heat gain (10 % in total) compared to previous estimates (7 %). There is a regime shift of the Earth heat inventory over the past 2 decades, which appears to be predominantly driven by heat sequestration into the deeper layers of the global ocean, and a doubling of heat gain in the atmosphere. However, a major challenge is to reduce uncertainties in the Earth heat inventory, which can be best achieved through the maintenance of the current global climate observing system, its extension into areas of gaps in the sampling, as well as to establish an international framework for concerted multi-disciplinary research of the Earth heat inventory. Earth heat inventory is published at DKRZ (https://www.dkrz.de/) under the doi: https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_EXP (von Schuckmann et al., 2020).

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Section: Borehole Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go? The GCOS Earth heat inventory team

Schuckmann¹,

Cheng²,

Palmer³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Whereas the automatic quality control procedures are able to filter out random data outliers rather successfully, the assessment of systematic errors in the data requires a different approach. Although there was an active and successful treatment of the biases in the XBT data, which ensured their reliability (Goni et al 2019), the quality assessments of the MBT data are less numerous. Three MBT bias correction schemes were suggested by Ishii andKimoto (2009), Levitus et al (2009), and Gouretski and Reseghetti (2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction for Systematic Errors in the Global Dataset of Temperature Profiles from Mechanical Bathythermographs

Gouretski

Cheng

2020

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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A homogeneous, consistent, high-quality in situ temperature dataset covering some decades in time is crucial for the detection of climate changes in the ocean. For the period from 1940 to the present, this study investigates the data quality of temperature profiles from mechanical bathythermographs (MBT) by comparing these data with reference data obtained from Nansen bottle casts and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profilers. This comparison reveals significant systematic errors in MBT measurements. The MBT bias is as large as 0.28C before 1980 on the global average and reduces to less than 0.18C after 1980. A new empirical correction scheme for MBT data is derived, where the MBT correction is country, depth, and time dependent. Comparison of the new MBT correction scheme with three schemes proposed earlier in the literature suggests a better performance of the new schemes. The reduction of the biases increases the homogeneity of the global ocean database being mostly important for climate change-related studies, such as the improved estimation of the ocean heat content changes.

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“…The primary focus will be on ships with a crew; however, autonomous surface vessels (e.g., Caccia et al, 2005;German et al, 2012) and large fixed or mobile platforms (e.g., drilling platforms and light towers) can provide similar observational capabilities. While recognizing the great importance of ships for deploying atmosphere-and oceanobserving technology (e.g., balloon soundings, McBean et al, 1986; expendable bathythermographs, Goni et al, 2019; Argo floats, Roemmich et al, 2009;drifters, Pazan and Niiler, 2004;moorings, McPhaden et al, 1998;Send et al, 2010;and gliders, Rudnick et al, 2004), the focus here is on measurements 2018). Typical observation methods include A, automated sensor; M, manual instrument reading; and V, visual observation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ship-Based Contributions to Global Ocean, Weather, and Climate Observing Systems

et al. 2019

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The role ships play in atmospheric, oceanic, and biogeochemical observations is described with a focus on measurements made near the ocean surface. Ships include merchant and research vessels; cruise liners and ferries; fishing vessels; coast guard, military, and other government-operated ships; yachts; and a growing fleet of automated surface vessels. The present capabilities of ships to measure essential climate/ocean variables and the requirements from a broad community to address operational, commercial, and scientific needs are described. The authors provide a vision to expand observations needed from ships to understand and forecast the exchanges across the ocean-atmosphere interface. The vision addresses (1) recruiting vessels to improve both spatial and temporal sampling, (2) conducting multivariate sampling on ships, (3) raising technology readiness levels of automated shipboard sensors and ship-to-shore data communications, (4) advancing quality evaluation of observations, and (5) developing a unified data management approach for observations and metadata that meet the needs of a diverse user community. Recommendations are made focusing on integrating private and autonomous vessels into the observing system, investing in sensor and communications technology development, developing an integrated data management structure that includes all types of ships, and moving toward a quality evaluation process that will result in a subset of ships being defined as mobile reference ships that will support climate studies. We envision a future where commercial, research,

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More Than 50 Years of Successful Continuous Temperature Section Measurements by the Global Expendable Bathythermograph Network, Its Integrability, Societal Benefits, and Future

Cited by 45 publications

References 156 publications

Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go? The GCOS Earth heat inventory team

Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go? The GCOS Earth heat inventory team

Correction for Systematic Errors in the Global Dataset of Temperature Profiles from Mechanical Bathythermographs

Ship-Based Contributions to Global Ocean, Weather, and Climate Observing Systems

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