More than meets the eye: Context effects in word identification

Masson, Michael E. J.; Borowsky, Ron

doi:10.3758/bf03201198

Cited by 32 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…In this case, direct associative connections within the perceptual module could mediate the priming. Similar priming effects have, however, been obtained when picture primes were used (Masson & Borowsky 1998).…”

Section: Notessupporting

confidence: 73%

“…For example, in face priming study, the potential false alarm items were unfamiliar faces, which were not closely matched to the famous face targets. Similarly, in Masson and Borowsky's (1998) word priming study, potential false alarms came from nonwords that did not resemble the word targets. However, in Rhodes et al's (1993) word priming study, nonwords differed by only a single letter from their primed word counterparts.…”

Section: Cognitive Penetration: Would We Know It If We Saw It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One approach might be to limit the opportunity for postperceptual processing, using a response deadline procedure. Another would be to use a discrimination for which semantic cues are uninformative, an approach advocated by Masson and Borowsky (1998). Neither lexical decisions nor face familiarity discriminations satisfy this condition, because in both cases the amount of semantic information activated by a target may provide a cue for the discrimination.…”

Section: Cognitive Penetration: Would We Know It If We Saw It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An ecological approach to cognitive (im)penetrability

Withagen¹,

Michaels²

1999

Behav Brain Sci

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We offer an ecological (Gibsonian) alternative to cognitive (im)penetrability. Whereas Pylyshyn explains cognitive (im)penetrability by focusing solely on computations carried out by the nervous system, according to the ecological approach the perceiver as a knowing agent influences the entire animal-environmental system: in the determination of what constitutes the environment (affordances), what constitutes information, what information is detected and, thus, what is perceived.

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Section: Notessupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Cognitive Penetration: Would We Know It If We Saw It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cognitive Penetration: Would We Know It If We Saw It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An ecological approach to cognitive (im)penetrability

Withagen¹,

Michaels²

1999

Behav Brain Sci

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“…In addition, we should like to draw attention to a related debate on the impact of context on perceptual encoding. Several studies (e.g., Masson & Borowsky, 1998;Reinitz, Wright, & Loftus, 1989;Rhodes, Parkin & Tremewan, 1993) have shown that a semantically related prime can enhance a signal detection measure of performance such as d' across a range of different tasks. This has been taken to suggest that the semantically related prime increases the rate of feature extraction (Reinitz et al, 1989), and that the d' effect reflects a change in perceptual processing (Farah, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A criterion-shift model for enhanced discriminability in perceptual identification: A note on the counter model

Wagenmakers

Zeelenberg

Schooler

et al. 2000

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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The original version ofthe counter modeljorperceptual identification assumed that word frequency and prior study act solely to bias the identification process (i.e., subjects have a tendency to prefer high-frequency and studied low-frequency words, irrespective of the presented word). In a recent study, using a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, we showed an enhanced discriminability effect for high-frequency and studied low-frequency words When subjects identify briefly flashed words, their performance is affected if they have studied the flashed word previously, even though they have no explicit recollection of the study episode. This effect of long-term priming in implicit memory has attracted attention from several theorists (Bowers, 1999;Masson & Bodner, 2000;Masson & MacLeod, 1996;Schacter, 1994). proposed an original and quantitative account of such implicit memory phenomena. Using a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm (e.g., LIED is briefly flashed and masked, followed by preRene Zeelenberg was supported by a grant from the Foundation for Behavioral and Social Sciences of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. We thank Rich Shiffrin for helpful discussions and comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Correspondence concerning this article can be addressed to E.-J. M. Wagenmakers or R. Zeelenberg, Department of Psychonomics, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands (e-mail: pn_wagenmakers@macmail.psy.uva.nl or pn_zeelenberg@macmail.psy.uva.nl).sentation of the response alternatives LIED and DIED), Ratcliff and McKoon claimed that subjects tended to prefer the studied alternative, regardless of whether that alternative had been flashed or not. Such a tendency would lead to benefits when the target (e.g., LIED) had been studied, but to costs when the foil (e.g., DIED) had been studied. Further, they found that the size ofthe benefits about equaled the size of the costs (e.g., Ratcliff, Allbritton, & McKoon, 1997;Rouder, Ratcliff, & McKoon, 2000). Hence, the effect of prior study was supposed to reflect a bias rather than some kind of enhancedperceptualprocessing of the flashed word.I Additional evidence for this idea came from the observation that even if performance was at chance when neither alternative was studied, effects of prior study were still present and thus appeared to be independent of information extracted from the flashed stimulus. Similarly, subjects had a preference to choose a high-frequency (HF) alternative such as MILE over a low-frequency (LF) alternative such as TILE. Therefore, effects of word frequency were likewise attributed solely to bias. Importantly, the biases for prior study and word frequency are supposedly mediated by different mechanisms, an issue debated by Wagenmakers, Zeelenberg, and Raaijmakers (2000). Wewill return to this later. For ease of reference, we will term the original version of the counter model the counter model I.The counter model I is one of the few models to provide a quantitative account of repetition priming effe...

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“…2 ROUSE does not assume priming to result in a higher rate of feature extraction for the repeated stimulus (i.e., a perceptual effect). However, Huber et al (in press) did find a small but reliable benefit of associative priming when a prime word (e.g., MISTAKE) was associatively related to both choice words (e.g., ERROR and WRONG) compared to when the prime was not related to the choice words (see also Masson & Borowsky, 1998). Since the semantic overlap between prime and target is 100% for repetition priming, it is feasible that there might in fact be a semantic both-primed benefit in short-term repetition priming, albeit overshadowed by a much larger orthographic both-primed deficit.…”

Section: Remi: a Model For Long-term Primingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remi and Rouse: Quantitative Models for Long-Term and Short-Term Priming in Perceptual Identification

Wagenmakers¹,

Zeelenberg²,

Huber³

et al. 2002

Rethinking Implicit Memory

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The REM model originally developed for recognition memory (Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) has recently been extended to implicit memory phenomena observed during threshold identification of words. We discuss two REM models based on Bayesian principles: a model for long-term priming (REMI; Schooler, Shiffrin, & Raaijmakers, 1999), and a model for short-term priming (ROUSE; Huber, Shiffrin, Lyle, & Ruys, in press). Although the identification tasks are the same, the basis for priming differs in the two models. In both paradigms we ask whether prior study merely reflects a bias to interpret ambiguous information in a certain manner, or instead leads to more efficient encoding. The observation of a 'both-primed benefit' in two-alternative forced-choice paradigms appears to show that both processes are present. However, the REMI model illustrates that the both-primed benefit is not necessarily indicative of an increase in perceptual sensitivity but might be generated by a criterion bias. The ROUSE model demonstrates how the amount of attention paid to the prime, and the consequent effect upon decision making, may lead to the reversal of the normal short-term priming effect that is observed in certain conditions.

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More than meets the eye: Context effects in word identification

Cited by 32 publications

References 93 publications

An ecological approach to cognitive (im)penetrability

An ecological approach to cognitive (im)penetrability

A criterion-shift model for enhanced discriminability in perceptual identification: A note on the counter model

Remi and Rouse: Quantitative Models for Long-Term and Short-Term Priming in Perceptual Identification

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