Moringa oleifera leaf fractions attenuated Naje haje venom-induced cellular dysfunctions via modulation of Nrf2 and inflammatory signalling pathways in rats

Naja nigricollis venom altered reproductive and neurological functions via modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage in male rats

“…In this study, IL1 and TNF produced in reproductive organs of the envenomed rats was more evident compared to control an indication of possible reproductive organs inflammation due to cytokines imbalances which may contribute to infertility [ 49 ]. Up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by N. nigricollis venom as observed in this study aligned with our previous studies using cobra venom [ 50 ].…”

“…This may inform the observed increase in oxidative stress markers resulting from excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production as reveled in the brain tissues of envenomed rats. In addition, toxins in N. nigricollis venom induced significant decrease in the brain weight and brain index compared to the control an indication the toxins have a direct interaction with the brain tissues as evident with various histological alterations noticed on brain tissues of envenomed rats which was in consonance with findings from our previous studies on cobra venom [ 50 ]. The alterations noticed on histological and biochemical composition of brain tissues after envenomation is an indication of brain toxicity due to direct effects of the venom toxins on the brain.…”

Naje Haje Toxins and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways Are Inhibited By Moringa Oleifera Leaf Fractions for Toxicity Testing Materials on Animal Embryos

“…The erythrocytes and brain tissue of untreated rats had signi cantly higher serum and brain levels of SOD and catalase activity, indicating that these tissues were more vulnerable to oxidative damage. There is a link between N and oxidative stress in cells, according to the study by (Adeyi et al, 2021) toxicology of haje venom is discussed. Comparing the M. oleifera ethanol extract partition with other Moringa oleifera extract partitions and with polyvalent antivenom signi cantly normalized the anti-oxidant enzyme activities.…”

“…Finding a plant compound that can reduce snake venom's toxicity is essential because anti-venom has some drawbacks [10]. Because the envenomation-related deaths of the rats used in these studies weren't discovered until two hours after envenomation, the high mortality rate in the untreated rats points to N. a poison, extremely toxic and deadly, from the island of Haje (Adeyi et al, 2021).…”

“…Rats that have been exposed to haje venom experience pathological changes in their brain, liver, kidneys, and other vital organs. Rats' internal organ histology may change after ingesting haje venom (Adeyi et al, 2021).…”