Morphing Soft Magnetic Composites

Nguyen, Vinh; Ahmed, Anansa S.; Ramanujan, R.V.

doi:10.1002/adma.201104994

Cited by 190 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…hape-programmable matter refers to active materials that can be controlled by heat (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), light (6,7), chemicals (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), pressure (14,15), electric fields (16,17), or magnetic fields (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) to generate desired folding or bending. As these materials can reshape their geometries to achieve desired time-varying shapes, they have the potential to create mechanical functionalities beyond those of traditional machines (1,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape-programmable magnetic soft matter

Lum

Zhou

Dong

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

520

475

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Shape-programmable matter is a class of active materials whose geometry can be controlled to potentially achieve mechanical functionalities beyond those of traditional machines. Among these materials, magnetically actuated matter is particularly promising for achieving complex time-varying shapes at small scale (overall dimensions smaller than 1 cm). However, previous work can only program these materials for limited applications, as they rely solely on human intuition to approximate the required magnetization profile and actuating magnetic fields for their materials. Here, we propose a universal programming methodology that can automatically generate the required magnetization profile and actuating fields for soft matter to achieve new time-varying shapes. The universality of the proposed method can therefore inspire a vast number of miniature soft devices that are critical in robotics, smart engineering surfaces and materials, and biomedical devices. Our proposed method includes theoretical formulations, computational strategies, and fabrication procedures for programming magnetic soft matter. The presented theory and computational method are universal for programming 2D or 3D time-varying shapes, whereas the fabrication technique is generic only for creating planar beams. Based on the proposed programming method, we created a jellyfish-like robot, a spermatozoid-like undulating swimmer, and an artificial cilium that could mimic the complex beating patterns of its biological counterpart.programmable matter | multifunctional materials | soft robots | magnetic actuation | miniature devices S hape-programmable matter refers to active materials that can be controlled by heat (1-5), light (6, 7), chemicals (8-13), pressure (14, 15), electric fields (16, 17), or magnetic fields (18-33) to generate desired folding or bending. As these materials can reshape their geometries to achieve desired time-varying shapes, they have the potential to create mechanical functionalities beyond those of traditional machines (1, 15). The functionalities of shape-programmable materials are especially appealing for miniature devices whose overall dimensions are smaller than 1 cm as these materials could significantly augment their locomotion and manipulation capabilities. The development of highly functional miniature devices is enticing because, despite having only simple rigid-body motions (34-36) and gripping capabilities (37), existing miniature devices have already been used across a wide range of applications pertaining to microfluidics (38, 39), microfactories (40, 41), bioengineering (42, 43), and health care (35, 44).Among shape-programmable matter, the magnetically actuated materials are particularly promising for creating complex timevarying shapes at small scales because their control inputs, in the form of magnetic fields, can be specified not only in magnitude but also in their direction and spatial gradients. Furthermore, as they can be fabricated with a continuum magnetization profile, m, along their bodies, these magne...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape-programmable magnetic soft matter

Lum

Zhou

Dong

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

520

475

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“…magnetoelasticity | buckling | nanoparticles | instability | magnetic I n the past decade there has been an emerging field of research on new magnetic and elastic soft materials whose shape can be remotely controlled by application of an external magnetic field (1)(2)(3). Indeed, at many scales and in various domains, magnetic filaments (4,5), gels (6), and so on (7) show great promise in numerous domains of application (8). With the progress in the design of these materials, their magnetic susceptibility increases, and brings them closer to the behavior of the more conventional magnetic alloys.…”

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confidence: 99%

A refined theory of magnetoelastic buckling matches experiments with ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic rods

Gerbal

Wang

Lyonnet

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In its simplest form the magnetoelastic buckling instability refers to the sudden bending transition of an elastic rod experiencing a uniform induction field applied at a normal angle with respect to its long axis. This fundamental physics phenomenon was initially documented in 1968, and, surprisingly, despite many refinements, a gap has always remained between the observations and the theoretical expectations. Here, we first renew the theory with a simple model based on the assumption that the magnetization follows the rod axis as soon as it bends. We demonstrate that the magnetoelastic buckling corresponds to a classical Landau secondorder transition. Our model yields a solution for the critical field as well as the shape of the deformed rods which we compare with experiments on flexible ferromagnetic nickel rods at the centimeter scale. We also report this instability at the micrometer scale with specially designed rods made of nanoparticles. We characterized our samples by determining all of the relevant parameters (radius, length, Young modulus, magnetic susceptibility) and, using these values, we found that the theory fits extremely well the experimental results for both systems without any adjustable parameter. The superparamagnetic feature of the microrods also highlights the fact that ferromagnetic systems break the symmetry before the buckling. We propose a magnetic "stick-slip" model to explain this peculiar feature, which was visible in past reports but never detailed. magnetoelasticity | buckling | nanoparticles | instability | magnetic I n the past decade there has been an emerging field of research on new magnetic and elastic soft materials whose shape can be remotely controlled by application of an external magnetic field (1-3). Indeed, at many scales and in various domains, magnetic filaments (4, 5), gels (6), and so on (7) show great promise in numerous domains of application (8). With the progress in the design of these materials, their magnetic susceptibility increases, and brings them closer to the behavior of the more conventional magnetic alloys. Thus, they can benefit a more ancient domain of research that described their magnetoelastic properties. Magnetoelasticity generally describes various phenomena that couple magnetization and mechanical deformation of solid-state objects (9). Excluding magnetostriction, the domain splits into two categories depending on whether the system is driven by free macroscopic currents or only by bound currents. In this latter case, the system may be studied only for its equilibrium configuration, or for its dynamic behavior (10). The complexity of the solution of the magnetic field in the general case justifies that a comprehensive description of the phenomenon is restricted to some trivial geometries such as rods of large aspect ratios (11). The main contribution to the field was made in 1968 with an elegant work (12) that paved the way both for experiments and theory but whose measures showed a critical field twice lower than expected. Further studies (1...

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“…In general, the degree of freedom of movement for the magnetic particles is governed by the matrix elastomer, and the MR effect is usually smaller in a hard matrix than in a soft matrix. Lokander and Stenberg [8] have found that utilization of plasticizer in MREs enhanced the shear storage modulus. The introduction of plasticizer to the elastomeric materials be able to act as a lubricant and hence can raise the mobility of magnetic particles in the matrix and at the same time modify magnetic particles properties [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the absence of external magnetic during the curing; makes the structure of MREs becoming isotropic [3]. Having field-dependent modulus and damping properties, MREs have a broad range of possible applications such as vibration absorbers [2][3][4][5][6] sensing devices [7] and morphing structure [8]. The MR effect, which calculated from the storage modulus, is usually adopted to evaluate the MRE performance [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of magnetorheological elastomer based green epoxidized natural rubber/sucrose acetate isobutyrate hybrid matrix

Khairi

Mazlan

Aziz

et al. 2018

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Abstract. This study introduces a sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) as a novel additive of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs). The MREs utilized an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) as the matrix and carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) as their filler. The CIPs were fixed at 60 wt%. The viscosity of the compound was observed using a viscometer. Meanwhile, the microstructures were observed by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Rheological properties regarding shear storage modulus were measured by using a rheometer (MCR 302, Anton Paar). The experimental results demonstrated that the MREsbased ENR/SAIB had a decrement in their viscosity by 40% reduction. Moreover, the magnetorheological (MR) effect increased by 23% as the increment of magnetic fields. The morphological photograph showed that the CIPs embedded well within the matrix. The fabricated MREs samples were strain dependent, where all MREs samples exhibit the deteriorating trend when increasing the strain amplitude.

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Morphing Soft Magnetic Composites

Cited by 190 publications

References 123 publications

Shape-programmable magnetic soft matter

Shape-programmable magnetic soft matter

A refined theory of magnetoelastic buckling matches experiments with ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic rods

Performance of magnetorheological elastomer based green epoxidized natural rubber/sucrose acetate isobutyrate hybrid matrix

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