Morpho-anatomical, Molecular, and Chemical Standardization of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don: An Endangered Medicinal Herb Native to the Himalayas

Abstract

Background Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don occurring at high altitudes in the Himalayas and known by the common name ‘Nag Chhatri,’ has high medicinal value. Its rhizome samples have substantial therapeutic potential and possess anti-cancer and anti-aging properties. Due to similar common names and morphology, there is an issue with adulteration and misidentification of actual rhizome samples with rhizomes of other species. So, there is a need to develop valid scientific methods to identify raw herbal samples of authentic ‘Nagchatri’ ( T. govanianum). Objectives The present study focused on developing botanical, molecular, and chemical standards for identifying raw herbal samples of T. govanianum. Materials and Methods Samples were collected from four locations in the Northwestern Himalayas. Botanical characters were studied by stereomicroscope and compound microscope. Molecular identification was done by DNA barcoding and chemical identification by chemical fingerprinting (TLC and HPTLC), LC-MS profiling, and NMR studies. Results The botanical characters involved detailed morpho-anatomical characterization of herbal samples. The DNA barcoding exhibited a 100% identification match of generated barcode sequences with NCBI database sequences for all the selected markers. Chemical profiling revealed diosgenin, makisterone A, and 20-hydroxy ecdysone as major constituents in the rhizome sample, confirming the authenticity of the species. Conclusion The integrated authentication approach employing botanical standardization, DNA barcoding, and chemical profiling will be a promising tool for accurately identifying the genuine raw herbal material of T. govanianum.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential of Green-Synthesized Graphene–Silver Nanocomposite against Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Pathogens

“…Govanoside A, Borassoside E, pennogenin, and diosgenin have been reported to exhibit good antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata [14]. The antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant qualities of T. govanianum have been attributed to the abundance of phytoconstituents, such as saponins and alkaloids [15]. Further, nanoparticles extend broad-range antimicrobial prospects through various mechanisms, including membrane damage, suppression of virulence factors, inhibition of microbial enzymes and toxins, and abolishment of biofilm formation.…”