Morpho-physiological effects of Stymjod foliar application on Dactylis glomerata L.

Biostimulants in the Production of Forage Grasses and Turfgrasses

“…Stymjod is a nanotechnology-based growth regulator which contains highly available mineral and organic nutrients that promote plant ontogeny. In the study by Sosnowski et al [50], Stymjod applied at a concentration of 4.5% significantly increased the number of shoots, leaf blades and dry weight of 100 leaf blades, which translated into more fresh and dry orchard grass plants. In the work of Sosnowski et al [50], Stymjod increased the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content of orchard grass plants.…”

“…In the study by Sosnowski et al [50], Stymjod applied at a concentration of 4.5% significantly increased the number of shoots, leaf blades and dry weight of 100 leaf blades, which translated into more fresh and dry orchard grass plants. In the work of Sosnowski et al [50], Stymjod increased the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content of orchard grass plants. In addition, it was found that all concentrations of Stymjod increased the photosynthetic activity of the plants, resulting in an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments and the value of the SPAD leaf greenness index.…”

“…), kelp extract, macro-and micronutrients: 9% N, 3%P 2 O 5 , 6% K 2 O, 0.6% Fe, 0.05% Mn and 0.05% Zn [42] Bactofil-A and Bactofil-B contain various combinations of Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum lipoferum, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillusmegaterium, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus circulans, Bacillussubtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Streptomyces and plant growth hormones [43] Blatt Boden-Foliar a microbial solution that consists mainly of lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus casei (5 × 10 9 cfu mL −1 ) and Lactobacillus plantarum (5 × 10 9 cfu mL −1 ); photosynthetic bacteria: Rhodopseudomonas palustris (5 × 10 9 cfu mL −1 ); yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5 × 10 3 cfu mL −1 ) and sugarcane molasses [44] UGmax N-1.2, P-0.2, K-2.9, Mg-0.1 g kg, Na-0.2, Mn-0.3 mg kg, lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, Azotobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., yeasts, actinomycetes [37][38][39] Eko-U żyźniacz N-0.6, P-0.3, K-0.7 g kg, endomycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes [37,39] Asahi SL (Atoniki and Chaloperone) 0.3% para-nitrophenol sodium salt, 0.2% ortho-nitrophenol sodium salt, 0.1% 5-nitroguaiacol sodium salt [6,40] Tytanit (Mg-Tytanit) 8.5 g Ti per1 dm 3 (0.8% m/m) in the form of Ti-ascorbate [21,45,46] AGRO-SORB Folium a growth stimulant containing 18 biologically active free amino acids (L-alpha) obtained via enzymatic hydrolysis (minimum 9.3% w/w or 100 g per 1000 mL): aspartic acid-0.450%, serine-0.321%, glutamate acid-1.814%, glycine-2.743%, histidine-0.208%, arginine-0.131%, threonine-0.323%, alanine-0.524%, proline-0.347%, cysteine-0.435%, tyrosine-0.174%, valine-0.551%, methionine-0.349%, lysine-0.661%, methionine-0.308%, leucine-0.180%, phenylalanine-0.218% and tryptophan-0.05% [47] Optysil contains silicon (16.8% SiO 2 ) and 2% chelated iron [48,49] Herbagreen contains silicon (17% SiO 2 ), calcium (36.7% CaO), magnesium (2.4% MgO), iron (3.4% Fe 2 O 3 ), titanium (0.5% TiO 2 ) and other ingredients [48] Stymjod concentrated liquid fertiliser produced with the use of the cold plasma nanotechnology. The product contains an optimal ratio of macronutrients (N-6.3%; P-4.58%; K-6.42%; Mg-1.69%; S-1.6%) and micronutrients (B-0.46%; Cu-0.17%; Fe-0.14%; Mn-0.16%; Mo-0.028%; Zn-0.42%) for plants, as well as humic and amino acids that increase plant resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions [50,51] Biostimulants are widely used in agriculture as seed dressing agents and foliar sprays during the growing season and harvest. Biostimulants exert varied effects by triggering N metabolism and the release of phosphorus (P) from soil, stimulating soil microbial activity and root growth, promoting plant metabolism, stimulating germination, ...…”

“…Effective microorganisms Brachiaria brizantha improved shade tolerance, increased chlorophyll, osmoregulating compounds, root development, plant height, leaf area and biomass yields [69] Chitosan perennial ryegrass decreased heavy metal concentrations in soil, promoted early germination and elongation of leaves, did not increase resistance to pink snow mould [70][71][72] Silicon various grass species increased crude protein content, improved nutritional value and reduced fibre levels in mixed grass stands (especially in periods of drought), improved yield of grass and clover swards, higher crude protein content and better organic matter digestibility in organic farming, higher total protein content, improved nutritional value of protein and increased energy in silage compared to non-fertilised swards [48,73,74] Synthetic biostimulants annual ryegrass and Festulolium increased protein content, higher chlorophyll content, increased plant dry matter yield, increased soluble sugars content [35] Synthetic biostimulants timothy-grass increased leaf greenness index (SPAD values) [75,76] Synthetic biostimulants orchard grass increased number of shoots, leaf blades, dry weight of leaf blades, enhanced photosynthetic capacity, higher chlorophyll content, increased photosynthetic activity, increased SPAD leaf greenness index [50] 3.1. Natural Biostimulants…”