Morphoanatomy of the flower of Syagrus inajai (SPRUCE) Becc. (Arecaceae- Arecoideae- Attaleinae), Amazon

Abstract

The occurrence of Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., popularly known as pupunha palm, among other names, has been registered in the Guianas and in the North of Brazil in areas of terra firme (non-flooding) and gallery forests. In order to characterize the inflorescence and further knowledge of this family, a morphoanatomical study was carried out of the palm S. inajai in a green area of the Campus of the Federal University of Amazonas -UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas. The inflorescences are branched to one order, pedunculate, and interfoliar, measuring 62-82 cm in length, with woody bracts with longitudinal grooves on the external surface, and flowers in triads. The number of flowers to each inflorescence varies from 5,904 to 17,316 for staminate flowers, and from 180 to 3,528 for pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers with six anthers and one vascular bundle each; three-lobed pistillodium, vascularized pistillodium. Its pistillate flowers have six staminodia joined to form a circle, syncarpic, tricarpellary, trilocular gynoecium, one ovule to each locule, synascidiate in the ovary, and plicated above. Tripartite stigma, apical and sessile, with epidermis composed of elongated papillary cells, pattern of epidermis that is maintained throughout the stylar canal. Bitegmented, anatrope, pachychalazal ovule.Keywords: Syagrus, anatomy, flowers of Palmae, Cocoseae tribe, pupunharana. Morfoanatomia floral de Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc.(Arecaceae-Arecoideae-Attaleinae), Amazônia ResumoSyagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., popularmente conhecida como pupunha-brava entre outras denominações, teve sua ocorrência registrada para Guianas e no norte do Brasil em áreas de floresta de terra firme e floresta de galeria. Com o intuito de caracterizar a inflorescência ampliando o conhecimento a respeito da família foi realizado o estudo morfoanatômico da palmeira S. inajai, em área verde do Campus da Universidade Federal do Amazonas -UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas. A inflorescência é ramificada em primeira ordem, pedunculada, interfoliar com 62-82 cm de comprimento, bráctea lenhosa com fissuras longitudinais na superfície externa e flores em tríades. O número de flores por inflorescência varia entre 5.904 -17.316 para flores estaminadas e 180 -3.528 para as flores pistiladas. Flores estaminadas com seis anteras e um feixe vascular cada; pistilódio trífido e vascularizado. Flores pistiladas com seis estaminódios unidos formando um círculo. Gineceu sincárpico, tricarpelar, trilocular, um óvulo por lóculo, sinascidiado no ovário e plicado acima. Estigma tripartido, apical e séssil, com epiderme composta por células papilosas alongadas, padrão de epiderme que se mantem por todo canal estilar. Óvulo é anátropo, paquicalazal e bitegumentado.Palavras-chave: Syagrus, anatomy, flores de Palmae, tribo Cocoseae, pupunharana.

Ecología de la polinización de Syagrus smithii (Arecaceae), una palma cantarofila de la Amazonia Colombiana

“…Los resultados indican que S. smithii sigue el mismo patrón reproductivo que otras especies del género Syagrus (Tabla 3), debido a que los principales atributos reproductivos encontrados la muestran como una palma monoica, con floración nocturna, que presenta inflorescencias interfoliares medianas, con flores unisexuales estaminadas y pistiladas, organizadas en triadas, pero con separación entre la fase estaminada y la pistilada, la cual evita la autopolinización; estos aspectos son similares a los registrados en otras especies de Syagrus como S. coronata (Rocha 2009), S. inajai (Telles et al 2007, Genovese-Marcomini et al 2013, S. petraea (Silberbauer-Gottsberger et al 2013), S. orinocensis y S. sancona (Núñez 2014).…”

“…Debido a la importancia, tamaño de las poblaciones y diversidad, las especies de Syagrus son un grupo importante para estudios reproductivos, la información existente incluye aspectos variados tales como: morfología floral en S. inajai (Genovese-Marcomini et al 2013, Telles et al 2007), fenología reproductiva en S. glaucescens (Belo et al 2013, Correia et al 2007, S. flexuosa (De Araújo 2008), S. romanzoffiana (Genini et al 2009, Miola 2010, Freire et al 2013, Begnini et al 2013, S. petraea (Apaza-Quevedo 2007) y S. pseudococos (Genini et al 2009); visitantes florales en S. romanzoffiana (Brill & Corrêa 1998), S. sancona (Núñez 2014), S. oleraceae (Trovão et al 2009) y S. petraea (Silberbauer-Gottsberger et al 2013) y en ecología de la polinización hay resultados en S. orinocensis y S. sancona en Colombia (Núñez 2014), S. petraea (SilberbauerGottsberger et al 2013), S. loefgrenii (Silberbauer-Gottsberger 1990, Gottsberger & Silberbauer-Gottsberger 2006, S. comosa (Gottsberger & Silberbauer-Gottsberger 2006) y S. coronata en Brasil (Rocha 2009). …”

Morphoanatomical and histochemical studies of the seed development of Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae)

“…But this is a variable condition in members of Arecaceae, which may also exhibit anatropous, campylotropous and orthotropous ovules (Uhl & Moore 1971;Genovese-Marcomini et al 2013;Mazzottini-dos-Santos et al 2015;Castaño et al 2016). Moreover, although bitegmic ovules are widely distributed in the family, the micropyle may be formed by both the integuments, as observed in E. oleracea, by the inner integument, or by the outer integument (Genovese-Marcomini et al 2013;Mazzottini-dos-Santos et al 2015) Figure 4 -a-p. Fruit and seed development of Euterpe oleracea in longitudinal sections, stages S5-S8 -a-d. stage S5 -a. developing fruit and seed (11 mm, opaque green pericarp and soft seed); b. general view of an anatomical section from the developing seed; c. young embryo showing the cotyledonary base and the upper part of the cotyledon; d. endosperm with thickened cell walls (black arrowheads) [note the primary pit fields (black arrow)]; e-h. stage S6 -e. developing fruit and seed (11 mm, opaque green pericarp and hard seed); f. general view of seed anatomy; g. detail of the embryo; h. endosperm with thickened cell walls (black arrowheads) and cytoplasmic inclusions (white arrows) [note the primary pit fields (black arrow)]; i-l. stage S7 -i. developing fruit and seed (12 mm, green-purple pericarp and hard seed); j. general view of seed anatomy with ruminate endosperm (note the development of the upper side of the cotyledon); k. detail of cotyledonal embryo; l. detail of endosperm cells with cytoplasmic inclusions, thickened cell walls (black arrowheads), and primary pit fields (black arrow); m-p. stage S8 -m. fruit and seed (12 mm, purple pericarp and hard fully developed seed); n. mature seed (note the ruminate endosperm); o. mature embryo; p. detail of endosperm with thickened cell walls (black arrowheads), primary pit fields (black arrow), and cytoplasmic inclusions (white arrows). CB = Cotyledonary base; CE = cotyledonary edge; DR = distal region; E = embryo; EC = embryo cavity; En = endosperm; Mi = micropyle; PC = procambium strands; Pc = pericarp; PR = proximal region; PS = procambium strand; Ra = raphe; RAM = root apical meristem; S = suspensor; SAM = shoot apical meristem; SC = seed coat; SCI = seed coat ingrowths; UC = upper cotyledon.…”

“…The embryogenesis of E. oleracea, as in other palm species, results in a linear embryo, surrounded by the abundant endosperm. The embryo axis is microscopic and inserted within the cotyledonary petiole (Haccius & Philip 1979;Genovese-Marcomini et al 2013;Mazzottini-dos-Santos et al 2015). Although embryo development seems to be uniform throughout the family (Haccius & Philip 1979;Genovese-Marcomini et al 2013), more studies are needed for verification.…”

“…(Genovese-Marcomini et al 2014). Bearing in mind that seeds are the main means of plant propagation and establishment of palm species (Genovese-Marcomini et al 2013), sound knowledge of seed development is essential for understanding the reserves that sustain the germination and seedling establishment processes. Although anatomical studies have been performed on açaí species (both E. oleracea, Euterpe precatoria Mart.…”