Morphological alterations in tongue epithelial cells infected by SARS‐CoV‐2: A case–control study

Marques, Barbara Bruno Fagundes; Guimarães, Taísa Coelho; Fischer, Ricardo Guimarães; Tinoco, Justine Monteiro Monnerat; Pires, Fábio Ramôa; Lima-Junior, Josué da Costa; Stevens, R. H.; Tinoco, Eduardo Muniz Barretto

doi:10.1111/odi.13988

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In fact, infection with the virus was determined in the dorsal tongue lining from autopsy patients [10], as well as in SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. This finding corroborates observations from cytological smears from the dorsum of the tongue, which revealed that 71% of the COVID-19 patients presented epithelial cells positive for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [14].…”

Section: Tonguesupporting

confidence: 90%

Oral Pathology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Molecular Aspects

Droździk

2022

IJMS

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This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands’ epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.

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Section: Tonguesupporting

confidence: 90%

Oral Pathology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Molecular Aspects

Droździk

2022

IJMS

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“…Therefore, these data indicate that ACE2 receptor, Furin and TMPRSS2 play an essential role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in oral epithelial cells. In addition, a report showed S protein of SARS-CoV-2 had been detected in epithelial cells of dorsum of the tongue ( 82 ). Moreover, a previous study showed that SARS-CoV-2 could infect epithelial cells in situ and then shed into saliva which confirmed by scRNA-seq, orthogonal RNA, and protein expression analysis ( 83 ).…”

Section: Multi-omics Analysis Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Mechanism and Multi-omics Analysis of Oral Manifestations in COVID-19

et al. 2022

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease that seriously threatens human life. The clinical manifestations of severe COVID-19 include acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19, spreads through contaminated droplets. SARS-CoV-2 particles have been detected in the saliva of COVID-19 patients, implying that the virus can infect and damage the oral cavity. The oral manifestations of COVID-19 include xerostomia and gustatory dysfunction. Numerous studies showed that the four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are its potential pathogenic factors, especially the S protein, which binds to human ACE2 receptors facilitating the entry of the virus into the host cells. Usually, upon entry into the host cell, a pathogen triggers the host’s immune response. However, a mount of multi-omics and immunological analyses revealed that COVID-19 is caused by immune dysregulation. A decrease in the number and phenotypes of immune cells, IFN-1 production and excessive release of certain cytokines have also been reported. In conclusion, this review summarizes the oral manifestations of COVID-19 and multi-omics analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…In this study conducted by Nuño González et al ( 2021 ), they have found that 25.7% of the 666 COVID‐19 patients investigated had oral manifestations, and 3.9% of them presented U form depapillation areas named “COVID tongue.” This is probably caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 linkage for ACE‐2 receptors present on the epithelial cell of the tongue dorsum (Marques et al, 2021 ). Nevertheless, the presence of the virus can cause cytological alterations in these cells, especially the reduction of cellular and nuclear diameters (Marques et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%